澳大利亚宪法（Australian Constitution）翻译及解释（草稿）
[i=s] 本帖最后由 WIND 于 2010-12-17 14:45 编辑 [/i]1，澳大利亚作为英联邦国家，其本身又是一个联邦国家，其实英国本身也是一个联邦国家，正式的称呼为“联合王国”（UK）。澳大利亚全称为：the Commonwealth of Australia（澳大利亚联邦或澳大利亚共同体）。
2，澳大利亚宪法源于1898年至1900年所进行的公民投票同意的宪法草案，1900年7月9号得到维多利亚女王的同意，于1901年1月1日正式生效。这里所说的公民投票，只是产生宪法的最后一个步骤，一般来讲，公民先选举制宪会议议员，授权其制定宪法草案，然后宪法草案提交选民票决。
3，澳大利亚宪法没有权利法案部分，1898年制宪会议有人提议附加一个类似美国联邦宪法的权利法案，但多数认为：传统的英国臣民所享有的权利和自由已经足够，其中最主要权利的包括：由审判团审判的权利，得到联邦合理补偿的权利，宗教自由的权利，等等。 [i=s] 本帖最后由 WIND 于 2010-12-17 14:01 编辑 [/i]
4,总的来讲，1900年成文宪法并非澳大利亚宪法的全部，不过这个文本是其中最主要的部分。澳大利亚宪法是澳大利亚联邦政府运作的授权文件。在线文本：[url]http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/Constitution/index.htm[/url] [b]总体结构：[/b]
# Preamble The Constitution
前言
# Chapter I. The Parliament (s. 1 to 60)
* Part I - General (s. 1 to 6)
* Part II - The Senate (s. 7 to 23)
* Part III - The House of Representatives (s. 24 to 40)
* Part IV - Both Houses of the Parliament (s. 41 to 50)
* Part V - Powers of the Parliament (s. 51 to 60)
第一章 国会
第一部分 全体会议
第二部分 参议院
第三部分 众议院
第四部分 两院
第五部分 国会的权力
# Chapter II. The Executive Government (s. 61 to 70)
第二章 执行机构
# Chapter III. The Judicature (s. 71 to 80)
第三章 司法机构
# Chapter IV. Finance and Trade (s. 81 to 105A)
第四章 货币与贸易
# Chapter V. The States (s. 106 to 120)
第五章 各州
# Chapter VI. New States (s. 121 to 124)
第六章 新州
# Chapter VII. Miscellaneous (s. 125 to 127)
第七章 杂项
# Chapter VIII. Alteration of the Constitution (s. 128)
第八章 宪法的修正
# The Schedule
附录 老兄乐此不疲。:laughd [quote]老兄乐此不疲。:laughd
[size=2][color=#999999]夏加坤 发表于 2010-12-17 21:25[/color] [url=http://www.yantan.cc/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=470963&ptid=102203][img]http://www.yantan.cc/bbs/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url][/size][/quote]
其实，如果我们暂时离开英语世界，我们也能够发现英语世界所形成的“现代社会”的理念正在向其它国家扩展，我们可以去看看德国1949年宪法([url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany[/url])。 [i=s] 本帖最后由 WIND 于 2010-12-18 09:24 编辑 [/i]
德国宪法英译文第一部分(the Part I of the constitution of Germany)：
[attach]38756[/attach] [i=s] 本帖最后由 WIND 于 2010-12-28 15:28 编辑 [/i]
澳大利亚作为英联邦国家，其政府框架大致是这样的：
英国国王或女王担任澳大利亚执行权力首脑；立法机构由参议院和众议院组成，其产生方式类似于合众国；司法系统以英格兰共同法传统作为基础，trial by jury是基本的审判制度。
众议院议员（目前150席）的数目与选民的比例大致也是介于1：10000~20000。惟有众议院才有权力提出征税方案。我们可以看到，虽然也有政党提出完全脱离英国，但至今仍未形成任何提案。与两百多年前的美国独立相比，英国现在对澳大利亚的干预已经非常谨慎，而最为关键的，澳大利亚公民完全享有英国传统的权利与自由，这才是作为一个人，生活在这个世界上最可珍贵的东西——人应得的尊严。 下面打算译出1，2，3，8章。 [b]Chapter I. The Parliament.
第一章 议会[/b]
[b]Part I.--General.
第一部分 一般规定[/b]
1. The legislative power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a Federal Parliament, which shall consist of the Queen, a Senate, and a House of Representatives, and which is herein-after called "The Parliament," or "The Parliament of the Commonwealth. "
共同体的立法权力应当授予“联邦议会”（Federal Parliament），联邦议会由女王，一个参议院和一个众议院（代表院）组成，联邦议会以下也称为“议会”（The Parliament）或“共同体议会”（The Parliament of the Commonwealth）。
2. A Governor-General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty's representative in the Commonwealth, and shall have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen's pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.
由女王所指定的总督（Governor-General）应当作为女王王权在共同体中的代表，拥有并可行使女王所指派给他的权力和职能，但必须服从本宪法。
3. There shall be payable to the Queen out of the Consolidated Revenue fund of the Commonwealth, for the salary of the Governor-General, an annual sum which, until the Parliament otherwise provides, shall be ten thousand pounds. The salary of the Governor-General shall not be altered during his continuance in office.
应当从共同体的统一税收基金（Revenue fund）中为总督的薪水向女王支付报酬，其年薪在议会以其它方式规定之前，应为一万英镑。总督的薪水在其继续任职期间不得改变。
4. The provisions of this Constitution relating to the Governor-General extend and apply to the Governor-General for the time being, or such person as the Queen may appoint to administer the Government of the Commonwealth; but no such person shall be entitled to receive any salary from the Commonwealth in respect of any other office during his administration of the Government of the Commonwealth.
本宪法与总督相关的规定适用于总督，或女王指定来管理共同体政府的人；但是在他管理共同体政府期间任何其他职位不得从共同体中接受新水。
5. The Governor-General may appoint such times for holding the sessions of the Parliament as he thinks fit, and may also from time to time, by Proclamation or otherwise, prorogue the Parliament, and may in like manner dissolve the House of Representatives. After any general election the Parliament shall be summoned to meet not later than thirty days after the day appointed for the return of the writs. The Parliament shall be summoned to meet not later than six months after the establishment of the Commonwealth.
总督可以在他认为合适的时候召集议会，也可以随时通过公告或其它方式暂停会议，或以类似的方式解散众议院。在任何普选之后应当在选举结果返回之日起30日之内召集议会集会。在共同体建立之后6个月之内必须召集议会集会。
6. There shall be a session of the Parliament once at least in every year, so that twelve months shall not intervene between the last sitting of the Parliament in one session and its first sitting in the next session.
议会每年至少应当举行一个会期，所以，议会在上个会期最后一次集会与下个会期第一次集会之间的间隔不得超过12个月。 [b]Part II.--The Senate.
第二部分 参议院[/b]
7. The Senate shall be composed of senators for each State, directly chosen by the people of the State, voting, until the Parliament otherwise provides, as one electorate.
参议院由每州的参议员组成，由每州的公民直接选举，在议会以其它方式规定之前，每州作为一个选区投票。
But until the Parliament of the Commonwealth otherwise provides, the Parliament of the State of Queensland, if that State be an Original State, may make laws dividing the State into divisions and determining the number of senators to be chosen for each division, and in the absence of such provision the State shall be one electorate.
但是在议会以其它方式规定之前，昆士兰州议会——如果昆士兰州作为初始州——可以制定法律将本州划为多个区域并确定每个区的参议员人数，在没有这样的规定的时候一个州作为一个选区。
Until the Parliament otherwise provides there shall be six senators for each Original State. The Parliament may make laws increasing or diminishing the number of senators for each State, but so that equal representation of the several Original States shall be maintained and that no Original State shall have less than six senators. The senators shall be chosen for a term of six years, and the names of the senators chosen for each State shall be certified by the Governor to the Governor-General.
在议会以其它方式规定之前，每个初始州有6名参议员名额。议会可以制定法律对每个州的参议员人数进行增加或减少，但是每个初始州的平等代表权必须保证且每个初始州不得少于6名参议员。参议员的任期为6年，每个州的参议员名单由州长向总督证明。 8. The qualification of electors of senators shall be in each State that which is prescribed by this Constitution, or by the Parliament, as the qualification for electors of members of the House of Representatives; but in the choosing of senators each elector shall vote only once.
各州参议员选民的资格由本宪法或议会规定，与众议院议员的选民资格相同；但每个选民只能投票一次。
9. The Parliament of the Commonwealth may make laws prescribing the method of choosing senators, but so that the method shall be uniform for all the States. Subject to any such law, the Parliament of each State may make laws prescribing the method of choosing the senators for that State.
议会可以制定法律规定参议员的选举方式，但各州的方式必须统一。各州议会在服从这样的法律的前提下，可以制定法律规定选举本州参议员的方式。
The Parliament of a State may make laws for determining the times and places of elections of senators for the State.
州议会可以制定法律确定选举参议员的时间和地点。 10. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, but subject to this Constitution, the laws in force in each State, for the time being, relating to elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State shall, as nearly as practicable, apply to elections of senators for the State.
在议会以其它的方式——但须服从本宪法——规定之前，各州州议会的选举方式尽可能的应用于该州参议员的选举。
11. The Senate may proceed to despatch of business, notwithstanding the failure of any State to provide for its representation in the Senate.
不管任何州有没有规定其在参议院的代表权，参议院均可以开始处理事务。
12. The Governor of any State may cause writs to be issued for elections of senators for the State. In case of the dissolution of the Senate the writs shall be issued within ten days from the proclamation of such dissolution.
任何州的州长可以敦促该州参议员选举令的发布。在解散参议院的情况中，解散令必须在这样的公告发布之日起10日内发出。
13. As soon as may be after the Senate first meets, and after each first meeting of the Senate following a dissolution thereof, the Senate shall divide the senators chosen for each State into two classes, as nearly equal in number as practicable; and the places of the senators of the first class shall become vacant at the expiration of three years, and the places of those of the second class at the expiration of six years, from the beginning of their term of service; and afterwards the places of senators shall be vacant at the expiration of six years from the beginning of their term of service.
在参议院第一次集会之后，或者每次解散之后第一次集会，参议院应当立即将各州当选的参议员分为两组，尽可能相等；第一组参议员议席在3年期满时空出，第二组议席在议员服务6年期满时空出；此后每个议席在服务6年期满时空出。
The election to fill vacant places shall be made within one year before the places are to become vacant.
填补空缺议席的选举须在空缺产生之前一年之内举行。
For the purpose of this section the term of service of a senator shall be taken to begin on the first day of July following the day of his election, except in the cases of the first election and of the election next after any dissolution of the Senate, when it shall be taken to begin on the first day of July preceding the day of his election.
为此目的参议员的任职期限应当从他当选之后的7月1日开始，第一次选举和参议院解散之后的选举除外，在此情况下其任职期限是从他当选之前的7月1日开始。 wind兄这样挺好的，主要是各人兴趣不同，法学我觉得枯燥，历史经济就相对有兴趣了。
最近在看齐泽克，有时间打算翻点他的文章。 [quote]wind兄这样挺好的，主要是各人兴趣不同，法学我觉得枯燥，历史经济就相对有兴趣了。
最近在看齐泽克，有时间打算翻点他的文章。
[size=2][color=#999999]showcraft 发表于 2010-12-29 20:55[/color] [url=http://www.yantan.cc/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=473724&ptid=102203][img]http://www.yantan.cc/bbs/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url][/size][/quote]
法律确实枯燥，它本不是我们这些日日奔波的人所该做的事情，法律是统治者的事情。英语中有两个词：right,justice.对于普通人来说，do what is right便可以了，但是对于统治者来说，则要求rule in justice.
回过头来看中国的历史，澳大利亚在1900成为英联邦国家，对当时的中国来说，其实对中国的空想家来说（我也空想一回），中国更可行的方式是加入英联邦，因为中国这种垃圾文化根本不可能产生现代意义上的国家，有些空想家读了几篇美国独立时的文章，便浮想联翩，以为我们可以像美国人一样，这个太自以为是了。但是作为英联邦国家，制度框架是英国人几乎免费送过来的，其它的就有待于正常社会的慢慢形成了。 14. Whenever the number of senators for a State is increased or diminished, the Parliament of the Commonwealth may make such provision for the vacating of the places of senators for the State as it deems necessary to maintain regularity in the rotation.
无论什么时候参议院的议席增加或较少，议会均可以以其认为保持有规律轮换的必要性而为腾出空缺制定规定。
15. If the place of a senator becomes vacant before the expiration of his term of service, the Houses of Parliament of the State for which he was chosen, sitting and voting together, or, if there is only one House of that Parliament, that House, shall choose a person to hold the place until the expiration of the term. But if the Parliament of the State is not in session when the vacancy is notified, the Governor of the State, with the advice of the Executive Council thereof, may appoint a person to hold the place until the expiration of fourteen days from the beginning of the next session of the Parliament of the State or the expiration of the term, whichever first happens.
如果任何参议员议席在其通常任职期限结束前空出，则其所在州的议会（两院或一院）——如果正在集会——应当选举议员担任此职直至任期结束。但是如果空缺报告在州议会休会时发生，州长可以在该州执行顾问团（Executive Council）的建议下指定人员担任此职直至州议会下次集会之后14天或当次任职期限结束，以先到为准。 澳大利亚联邦参议员每三年选举一次，最近一次是今年8月21日。第15条的意思是说，参议院每3年换掉一半，每位参议员的任期是6年，如果因为某种原因他不能担任至6年期满，那么填补他空缺的人并不是由选民直接选举的，虽然通常的情况是由选民直接选举。 老兄继续。。
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