[转帖]中美义务教育经费对比
<font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">中美义务教育经费对比</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">----</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">民主与教育漫笔之一</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">禾</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">丁</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"></p></span></font></font><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">(首发于“新世纪网”06/16/2005)</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">义务教育从根本意义上来说,是为了保障社会群体尤其是弱势群体子女享受教育的权利。一个民主政体必须提供充分的条件来保障义务教育的实现。实施义务教育,首先需要教育经费保障,再则是政策立法保证,最后是执法机构支持。只有在这样的条件下,义务教育才可能实施,才可能发展,才可能长久。义务教育经费必须来自政府,教育经费的多少完全取决于政府财政预算和投入,是百分之百的政府行为,完全由政府的政策法令决定。本文试图通过中国政府实施义务教育的行为与美国政府实施义务教育的行为对比,特别是教育经费发放的操作对比,从而找出中国义务教育存在的问题和其根本原因。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育经费的投入:</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1. </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">美国</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">谈到教育经费</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">人们常常会产生一种误解,仿佛教育经费发放的多少是根据国家富裕的程度而决定的。国家穷,教育经费就一定短缺,因此就要慢慢筹集。事实不完全是这么回事。只要政府把义务教育当作执政行为的必须,把保障义务教育的实现确定为各级政府的责任,确保义务教育经费在国家财政预算中占有一个合理的比例,任何一级政府都不得以任何借口给教育少发或不发经费,这样无论在任何经济条件下,都会确保教育经费的需要。只有在政府的监督下,教育经费才能够到位,到齐,到足。执行教育经费的政策事关重大,正如美国法令所说:</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">鉴于在对教育经费决策的过程中,必须杜绝任何不平等决策的可能性,这些决策必须通过立法程序建立。因为这些决策涉及到平衡某些相对抗的利益如:平等,效益以及对於地方政府权利的控制等等</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">the determination of education finance policy, in the absence of glaring disparities, must be a legislative decision because it involves balancing the competing interests of equality, efficiency, efficiency, and limited local control</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">…</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">美国政府就是这样慎重地一步一个脚印作出来的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">很多人对美国教育经费的来源不清楚。大多数文章只知道引用美国联邦政府的教育经费占全国</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GPD</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">的总值来描述,有的说</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,有的说</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">等等不一。以为那</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">就是美国全部义务教育的费用了。这完全是误解。因为很多人不了解美国各级政府对教育承担的职责。本文有必要把这个问题说明白,从而可以更加准确地了解美国义务教育的实施情况。先来看看教育经费投入的情况。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">美国的义务教育同其它一些公共事业一样,并不是由联邦政府集中管理,而是由地方政府负责。因此这就决定了美国义务教育的经费来自三个不同水平的政府机构:联邦,州政府与县或市政府。以明尼苏达州为例</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">, 2005</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">学年学校教育经费来源分配如下</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">:</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">联邦</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6.8%, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">地方政府</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9.1%,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">个人财产税</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">14.6%, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">而州政府投入占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">69.5% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">可见,义务教育经费发放的最主要来源是州一级的政府财政收入。州政府是全面负担义务教育费用的部门,而且这笔经费数量之大,在州财政的预算中义务教育占有的比例压到其它任何单项。根据全美州政府预算部门协会(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">National Association of State<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Budget Officers</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">)的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年发布的统计汇报,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,平均全美中小学教育经费占州政府全部支出的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">35.5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,有的州竟高达</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">40% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。这些经费用于学校的日常运做,包括教师的工资,管理人员的工资,教材,教学用品,交通,学校设施,勤杂,校舍管理,水电费用,等。</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">是维持学校正常运作的基本保障</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">其次,义务教育经费的来源才是联邦。联邦政府在联邦的国民所得税中也提取一部分用于义务教育(这就是平常文章里所说的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">了)。联邦的教育经费是有目标或是按照项目而发放的,主要用于弱势学生群体:如伤残儿童,贫困儿童,非英语母语儿童等。还有部分经费是通过发放专款的方法分配给最需要的活动或事业,比如贫困儿童的学前教育</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(Head start program)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">,高中职业教育,等等。总的来说,联邦的教育经费是起调节作用,用于帮助那些有特殊需要的学生。因为帮助弱势群体提高教育水准往往需要更多的财力。有了联邦政府的专款支持,学校里可以为这些群体提供特殊帮助,包括伤残儿童上学所需要的费用,如交通工具、聘请专业培训的特殊教育教师,对新移民提供双语教学教师。学校里还可以为贫困家庭的学生聘请教师,提供课后补习活动,等等。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">最后是当地居民对义务教育经费的支持。这部分经费的主要来源是个人资产税,如房产、地产,等等。因为当地的县市一级政府要对这些资产进行保护,并对当地居民的生活提供安全与生命保障,居民交纳这些税是理所当然。学校是政府为当地居民服务的一个重要组成部分,按照美国宪法,学校的管理必须接受由当地选民选举产生的校董事会的监督,管理学校是当地居民的责任,所以从资产税中提取教育经费也是顺理成章的。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">当地居民还可以根据本地学校的条件,或根据居民的需要主动增长税收(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">referendum</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">),用这部分钱来改善学校的条件。如笔者工作所在地的学区前两年通过居民投票,提高税收,筹集专款用于修建校舍</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。仅仅依靠州与联邦的教育经费,这个任务是不可能实现的,因为那些经费是用于维持正常教学活动的。当地居民为了让自己的孩子在更好的环境中学习,愿意地拿出钱来帮助自己的学校。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">然而,特别需要说明的是,当地居民的税收增加部分(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">referendum</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">)是交给学区教育局统筹管理的,这些经费是为了提高该地区的整体教育水平,并不只分给某一,二所学校。任何一所学校无权接受捐赠。如有捐赠必须由教育局掌握,按照捐赠的意愿执行。这样,教育局可以按照需要调整经费的发放,从而保证每一所学校都得到同等水平的经费。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">如果把这三级教育管理部门投入教育的经费都加起来,就可以看到这些投入远远不只是占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">的政府财政预算,而且每年教育经费投入的数量还根据教育的需要不断调节,总的趋势是在不断增加。如全美均生费</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">$4643, 1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年增长为</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">$5529,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">到了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年已经是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">$6911</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">了。平均每年递增</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(其中包含通货膨胀的指数)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">.教育经费的投入:中国</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">本文在教育经费投入的美国部分已经反复说明,执行义务教育完全是政府行为。同时也指出,民主政体要提供充分的条件来保障义务教育的实现,首先是给于经费上的保障。那么中国政府对教育经费的投入做得如何呢?</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1986</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">月,全国人大通过并颁布决定在中国推行九年义务教育法。中国是一个中央集权的国家,教育由中央集中管理的,财政收支由中央统一调动支配。因此,对教育的投入应该以国家财政为主要来源。然而,自从改革开放以来,中国政府自上而下都无视自己的职责,义务教育没有任何经济上的保障。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">首先中央一级财政部门的投入远远不足。辜胜阻在</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">农村教育的结构性矛盾与化解对策</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">一文中指出:政府财政预算内拨款仅占中国义务教育经费总额的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">50%-60%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,其它</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">40%-50% </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">来源于集资、摊派、教育费附加及捐款和学杂费等</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">7)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">即使在教育经费总额占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">比例最高的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4.30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,国家预算内的教育经费也只占教育经费总量的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">54.19% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。这就是说,按照教育所需要的财政预算,政府仅仅承担了一半的费用,而剩下的一半是由老百姓自己承担的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">更严重的是政府承担的那部分经费长期以来大部分用在城市,而农村以及贫困地区,这些最需要国家财政支持的地方,得到的经费却是最少的。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年的统计数字显示,农村小学生的人均公用经费一年是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">28</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元。农村学生人均公用教育经费每年低于</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元的县大约有</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,公用经费一分钱没有的县大约有</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">10%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">左右</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。</font></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育部副部长张保庆指出“纲要”和“教育法”规定的逐年提高国家财政性教育经费占国民生产总值的比例,本世纪末达到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">的目标,至今还没有一个切实,严肃的操作实施方案,致使这一目标近年来不但没有日益逼近,反而呈停滞或下滑之势。由</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1990</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3.04%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2.5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,即便是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,也只达到了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3.14% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">10) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。究竟根据什么标准把教育投入定位於</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">不得而知,即便是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">,却也不能实现。中央尚且如此,就更不用说地方各级政府了,上行下效。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">其次,来看各级政府的财政投入如何呢?“教育法”提出的关于教育经费的“三个增长”,(即国家用于义务教育的财政拨款的增长比例,应当高于财政经常性收入增长比例;在校学生人均教育费用要逐步增长;保证教师工资和学生人均公用经费逐年有所增长)在某些年分,<u>全国平均没有达到</u>,在有的省区<u>连续几年都没有达到</u>。全年全国预算内教育经费的增长仍然低于同期财政收入的增长</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">11) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">当政府不愿意从国家财政中拿钱办教育时,他们采取的解决办法是制定政策规定收费办教育。从这个意义上讲,现在中国的教育已经不是义务教育了。请看事实:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">一九八六年人大通过了义务教育法,其中第十条规定“国家对接受义务教育的学生免收学费”。然而</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,国家又制定了《义务教育学校收费管理暂行办法》,也就是说,从</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,义务教育就不再是免费,而是收费教育了。特别是在农村与贫困地区几乎是完全靠收费维持,而收费的口子一经打开就不可收拾。因为这给那些专门想方设法敛财的各级政府官员创造了生财之道。广大贫困百姓尤其是农民几乎被这些税费逼得没有活路。后来看乱收费实在闹得不成样子,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">年,为了进一步“减轻农民负担”,才在农村实行了“一费制”。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">实行一费制的原因是为了煞住一些地方和学校的乱收费现象,控制学校的收费标准。然而即使在收费的政策出来以后,教育整体投入不是增加了反而是减少了。那么这又是怎么产生的呢?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">辜胜阻的文章中说道:农村税费改革以前,农村义务教育经费事实上很大一部份由农民承担。…由於农村教育欠帐太多,且在税费改革中教育费大幅度减收,财政供给与需求之间还存在缺口。</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">…一些学者估算,税费改革后农村义务教育费减收</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">300</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元。(这是因为)政府长期以来教育经费不到位,农村里的学校大多数是靠收费来维持的,现在收费受到限制,而<u>政府又不拿出钱来补上欠缺的部分</u>,最后的结果是学校只好关门。文章最后告诫政府:不能以牺牲农村教育来换取农民负担的减轻</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">所谓“一费制”的实行,以牺牲农村教育为前提,表现了这一政策的虚伪性与欺骗性。如果政府真的想减轻农民负担,明明知道学校缺钱,为什么不拿出钱来补上教育经费的缺口?显然解决农民孩子上学的问题不是目的。所谓减轻负担只做做样子,从而达到欺骗舆论的目的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">以上事实说明,中国各级政府步调一致地忽略对义务教育给于经济上的保证,决非偶然。更令人不能容忍的是,政府对此现象诤诤有词地说是因为国家经费短缺,连年财政预算赤字造成等等,以此掩盖中央和各级政府对义务教育的渎职行为</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">,</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">究竟是政府拿不出钱来补上教育欠缺的部分,还是不愿意出钱?为了进一步了解教育是一种政府的行为,下面让我们来看中美两国政府是如何制定财政预算的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">二</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育经费预算:</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1. </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">美国</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">政府经费预算是根据财政收入总额做出对下一年或几年之内政府经费使用的范围,以及经费分配的预测。这些决策是根据平衡各种需要来决定。美国教育经费的预算是从人口估计开始。美国实行十二义务教育,复盖幼儿园教育到高中教育。孩子一满四岁,当地的学区就开始将他纳入了下年的预算中。为了保障教育经费预算准确与合理,各个公立学校与学区(即教育局)都有专职人员严格管理学生情况的数据变化,掌握准确而又详细的生源资料。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育经费以均生费为单位按学生人数发放。均生费是严格按照平均市场价格标准来计算教育的花费,如聘请教师、维修校舍、教学器材、教科书、等,而得出的。计算均生费是一个颇为复杂的过程,通常是根据联邦政府规定的公式再加上各州的一些附加变数而决定的。如以美国明尼苏达州为例,其</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2005</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">年的均生数计算公式是:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">Resident WADM + WADM of nonresidents attending the district under alternative attendance programs (e.g., open enrollment) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">─</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">WADM of residents attending another district under alternative attendance program.<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">其中</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">:<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">ADM: Average Daily Membership(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">均日生数</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">)<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">=The average number of pupils enrolled in the school district throughout the school year (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">本年度学区平均每天实有学生数</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">)<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">=Number of pupil-days enrolled (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">每天实有生累计</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">)/Total Days in School year (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年总学日</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">)<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">WADM: Weighted ADM pupil Unit = Resident ADM X Pupil Weight (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">本地居民加权均日生数</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">) (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">13)<p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">同时州教育厅还对班级学生数做出规定,对教师每天所教学生总数做出限制,从而保证学生能得到较好的教育,防止产生超生班。同时也保证教师合理的工作量。州政府在预算本州的教育经费的时候,不断地根据新的数据对本年经费进行修正,从而对下一年的教育经费提出精确的预算。因此当州里的参议员讨论下一年的预算时,对教育经费的需求已经是了如指掌。如明州</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004-05</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年度颁布教育经费的报告给出的财政支出预测就包括了后三年的预测</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">, FY 2005, FY2006 and FY 2007 (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">14)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。预测详细并全面,大小共三十二个项目。而这些项目都必须经过议会集体审议通过才可实行。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">因为教育经费是以个体学生为单位发放,因此学校只要有足够数量的学生,就不用担心经费短缺到学校办不下去。同时每个学校的经费都是根据同样的标准发放,校与校之间的差别就受到了限制。这样就保证了教育质量的平等。因为经费是按照学生个体为单位发放,孩子所属的这笔经费就跟随学生活动而流动不会因为转学,停学,升级,留级等受到影响。同时这样的教育经费发放原则保证了孩子受教育的质量不会因为家长工作条件的变迁而降低。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">美国人口的流动性很大,为了解决流动人口中适龄儿童的就学问题,联邦教育部设立了迁移学生教育项目</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(migrant education program) (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">15)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。其目的是保证流动学生得到同等受教育机会,并且受到同等水平的教育。在这个专门项目的监护下,这些学生不仅不会受到家长工作变化的影响,还会得到特别的关照。比如有家长在春秋两个季节会到农业产地当季节工(类似我国的农民工),他们的孩子会跟著一起去。一旦他们到达后,孩子立刻可以进入新的学校。并被记入了迁移学生档案。他们不仅能与当地的孩子享受同等的学习条件,学校还派专人辅导他们的学习来调节两个州之间学业的差距。他们的孩子在这段期间所需的教育费用会由原教育厅从本州的教育经费中将该生的教育费用提出来支付给对方教育厅。如果双方的经费有差异,联邦政府拿出专款调节。这种经费的管理与计算是整个教育经费管理中的一个部分,这里面没有州政府之间的相互推委或赖帐等矛盾发生。因为一切都是由制度规定了,合理合法,各地都必须认真地遵守执行。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">(下一帖继续)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p>[转帖]中美义务教育经费对比 (接上帖)
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(二)教育经费预算:</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">.中国</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">中国政府一再强调的财政困难,财政预算赤字究竟是怎么一回事?中国财政预算的决策过程究竟如何?国家是没有钱办义务教育吗?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">最近发布的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中央和地方预算执行情况</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中,财政部宣布了当年财政收入有三个最:增长最多,增幅最大,完成预算情况最好</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">16)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,全国财政增收</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4640.63</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元,如果加上解决历史欠退而增加的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1275.32</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元,财政增收达到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5915.95</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元,增长</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">27.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。这一增收数额之高,是近年来所没有的,相当于</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1994</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年全年的财政收入。新华社文章标题中居然出现了“巨额财政增收”的字眼。不能说国家没有钱了吧。可是在分配这些超收部分时,有多少是投入给教育的呢,给整个教、科、文、卫、四大项总共增长了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">都不到,给军费却增长了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12.6%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。请记住上一年国家总投入是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3.12%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,在原来投入的基础上增长</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,也就是说,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2005</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年的教育投入仍然没有达到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">跟同样是人口大国的印度比,我国的教育经费无论是按人口平均还是按学生数平均都低于印度。而印度的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GDP</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">大约只是我国的一半多一点。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">再来看地方的财政收入情况,根据国家税务总局副局长许善达汇报,自</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1994</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,国家减少了地方政府向中央上交税收的比例,加大了地方政府税收的权利,…在实际支出比预算大得多的情况下,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1994</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中央政府的赤字比预算还低并且地方政府有了约</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">30</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">亿的黑字”。这里的黑字实际上指得是超预算外收入。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">文章还继续说:“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1-8</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">月地方税务机关征收税收收入的增长率比去年同期高</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">…如果说中央财政收入增长令人满意的话,地方财政收入增长会更快,也同样令人满意”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">17)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">可见,自</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1994</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年以来,地方财政收入一直是持续上升的。事实也正是如此,地方财政总收入比去年增长了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">22.9% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">18)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。可是,这些地方政府有没有因此而给教育增加经费呢?预算的赤字到底是因为什么造成的呢?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">据张保庆的文章揭露:近几年来,各级财政在预算过程中,每年均有一笔数量相当大的超收入和预算外收入,而各地在支配这些收入的时侯却往往没有考虑教育。“当教育的需求同其他的事业发生矛盾时,不是下狠心坚决支持教育,却往往去挤教育,对其它工程,他们可以多花几亿,几十亿,甚至更多。唯独对教育,多花上一些钱,就心痛得不得了。有些领导同志有短期行为,他们要急于做出政绩,看到教育工作周期长,见效慢,花钱多,出力不讨好,态度就变得不那末热情了,决心就不那么坚决了”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">19)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">北京大学博士生在分析中国的财政管理现状时指出:</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">"</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">政府特别是地方政府支出增长过快的根源在於市场化改革不彻底,政府承担了一些市场经济条件下不该承担的事项,进行了一些不该从事的活动,对经济运行干预过多,由此导致政府机构膨胀,行政经费开支增长过快,投资支出比重过大。…热衷于发展当地经济的地方政府经过</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">80</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年代的发展,他们已经拥有一定的经济实力,加上基础设施对於政府官员来说十分具有政绩信号传递功能和纪念碑的意义,短短几年,中国大部基础产业瓶颈现象就基本消除,许多地方能源供应甚至出现过剩”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">20)</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">在财政部</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中央和地方预算执行情况报告中,明确指出一些行业投资增长过快,重复建设严重。要反对制止大手大脚花钱的行为</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">21)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">这是体制内的人自己说自己,不能说得那么清楚,其实说得够清楚了。一句话,投资其他行业都已经到了“过热”,“过剩”的地步了,对花钱办教育还是在一味地抵制,既然从中央到地方没有形成强硬的制度保障义务教育的投入,那么谁还会逆潮流而上,往教育上投钱呢?因此预算赤字是最好的理由。但是政府是预算的决定部门,如果以预算赤字为理由说没有钱投入教育,只能表明一点,即政府没有把义务教育作为预算内项目,教育经费必须等预算外剩余,如果有剩余,就多给,否则就少给或是不给。这就是用预算赤字做挡箭牌的原因。这个现象暴露了政府没有打算全部承担教育经费的原本意图,那怕义务教育法具有法律效用,可谁来追究呢?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">另外,中国政府在对教育经费做估算时,常常低估计学生平均教育成本。例如</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,按照国家投入教育的总额计算,每生平均只达到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">280</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,而实际成本远大於此数。以</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年西安市生均教育成本调查材料为例:小学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 865</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,中学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1383</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,大学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 12160</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,总均</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4922</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">22)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。政府给于的教育成本费只是实际教育成本的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">即使是按照低估的生均费总额发放到到了基层,发放的标准有很大的差异。因为过去采取的重点学校政策造成的差异,有的学校长期享受优厚待遇。据报导长沙一所重点学校全年经费实际投入比一个县全部的教育经费还要多〔注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">23</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">〕</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。然而一所普通的中学通常的教育费用只能靠学生交的学杂费来维持。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">因为教育经费发放时并没有严格的管理。再加上对贫困地区尤其是农民的孩子所需的教育经费长期被忽视,造成农民工的孩子进了城市而上不了学。这种现象的出现说明农民子女的义务教育权利在中国是完全没有保障的。本文前面谈到美国教育费用是落实到每个学生的,无论父母工作有何变化,孩子受教育是不受影响的。而中国农民孩子受到的待遇是最低的。他们在本地没有被当地政府纳入教育经费发放的对象,因此他们的离开对於本地的政府是一种解脱。进入城市之后他们遭到各种歧视,入学难更是严重。有的地方,就是交钱也没有学校收。因为城市里的教育部门本来就是处於经费短缺的状况,对於大批的农民工孩子入学问题,没有能力,同时也不愿意承担这个包袱。因此各省之间相互推委,问题越来越严重。请看以下调查报告:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">“我国流动人口中,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">18</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁以下的流动人口达</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1982</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">万。在北京、深圳、武汉、成都等</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">个大城市,有关人员访问了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">多名流动儿童的监护人和</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">7800</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">多名儿童,发现</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁流动儿童入托比例为</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">60.7</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%,低于城市户籍儿童入托率;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁儿童</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">46.9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%没有接受入学教育;近</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">20</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁的孩子还只上小学一、二年级,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">13</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁和</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁还在小学就读的占相应年龄流动少年的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">31</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%和</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">10</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%;在失学的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁流动儿童里,有</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">60</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">%的人已经开始工作(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">24</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">)”。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">新华社记者、中国青年报记者日前联合进行的一项问卷调查显示,“和城里孩子享有同样的待遇”、“降低收费标准”,是农民工在子女教育问题上的两个最大愿望</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">25</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">)。目前这些农民工的孩子要入学,必须交相当的费用,而大多数民工自己的工资都拿不到手,又如何负得起学费呢?!</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">然而如果中国真正实行了义务教育,如果中国政府把教育经费落实到每个学生身上,民工孩子上学难就不会发生。因为他们应该和美国孩子一样,走到哪里都有学上。所以说造成这些孩子失学是义务教育在中国没有得到实施的明证。而政府不能够承担起自己的责任是根本的原因。与美国的义务教育经费的管理相比较,哪种制度代表平民百姓的利益就非常清楚了。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">(三)教育经费与其它经费的关系:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1. </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">美国</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">各个国家都会遇到经费如何分配合理的问题。通过多年来观察州一级的参议员们决定义务教育经费的预算过程,可以看到在教育与其它公共事业对比时,教育向来是优先的。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年与</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,美国全国经济都不景气,几乎每个州都出现了前所未有的财政收支逆差。大多数州的财政收入下降,就是在这样的情况下,州一级的中小学校教育经费</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2003</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年平均增长了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6.4%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年增长了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3.2%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">26</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">笔者所在州多年来拿不出足够的经费满足州内的高速公路需要。尽管如此,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年州内预算有节余的时候,他们首先给教育发了专款,将幼儿园到小学三年级班级均生数规定为</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">17</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">人。确保班均生比率,聘请足够的教师是关键。这笔专款为此提供了保证</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">27</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">)。而修建高速公路的提议被再度搁置。并为修建一条市内有轨电车所代替。因为电车可以满足贫困的无汽车家庭上班的需要。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">州政府与各级地方政府还常常通过限制城市的基本建设投资,从而保证公共事业的健康发展。有一个州的省会是一个中等城市,几年前那座城市的中心,只有为数很少的高楼,街道也很陈旧。当时的市长想在市里修建一座体育中心,和供冰球比赛用的场地。他的提议几次遭到否定,就是因为大多数选民不认可。不同意将税收的钱花在这些娱乐设施上。最后市长是在商界与私人产业部门的合作支持下,从他们那里筹集了足够的资金,一座现代化的体育中心才建了起来。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">美国的城市建设是在保证义务教育的基础上,慢慢发展起来的。城市中的高楼大厦,多数是私有企业的财产。高速公路也是逐年修建的,义务教育的经费却是自打义务教育法宣布以来,政府就全力以赴地予以保证。尤其是</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1983</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年以来,历届总统都宣布自己是教育总统,教育在美国的政治议题中也占有举足轻重地位。正如明州宪法</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">第十三条第一节规定:议会有责任为公立学校建立一个完全而又统一的体制。议会必须运用税收或是其它方式以确保一个彻底有效的全州性的公立学校制度(…</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">it is the duty of the legislature to establish a general and uniform system of public schools. The legislature shall make such provisions by taxation or otherwise as will secure a thorough and efficient system of public schools throughout the state. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">)(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">28</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">)。</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">这些法律条文运用了如此明确而又坚决的词语,说明立法的人对此事业的决心之大。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">同样的例子举不甚举。教育在所有公共事业中占有头等重要的地位,这是义务教育在美国得到发展的主要原因。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(三)教育经费与其它经费的关系:</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2. </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">中国</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">前面的事实已经很清楚地表明中国政府各级领导不把实现义务教育当回事。不愿意在教育上投入。那么他们把什么当回事,国家的财政经费都用到哪里去了呢?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中国改革开放的最突出成绩就是在各个城市中搞的大批形像工程与政绩工程。从而造成财政赤字的这个现象成为普遍而又常见的现象。用国有资金,财政收入,即民众的纳税钱,为执政党打造功德碑,创造所谓现代化形像,树立改革开放的标记。从中央到地方,攀比不止。而享受这些设施的主要群体却是只占全国人口不到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">的政府官员与那些少数先富裕起来了的个体。那些个体在很大程度上是通过公共产业转成私有,再由政府官员们的亲属出任为私有企业总管,所以也是与政府有直接联系的群体。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">纵观这些政绩工程,中国真可以说是以惊人的速度在赶超世界水平。但是在办义务教育上,没有听到什么地方政府要决心赶上世界水平。然而各地都有特别打造的一两所“世界一流”的学校,那些学校的硬件真正超出了世界水平,笔者在国内很多城市都见过。然而这些用百姓的钱堆出来的几个尖子样版,是以牺牲绝大多数学生特别是农民子弟的利益为代价的,其本质与义务教育的原则完全背道而驰。</span></font></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中国的官员们还有一种拿百姓的钱摆阔,讲排场的习惯。据“中国信息中心”报导,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2005</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年两会期间参加者透露,据不完全统计,去年一</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中国官方公车、招待,出国考察的花费竟高达</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">7000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">多亿元人民币。其中官员用车耗费高达</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">3000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元人民币,招待费用花掉</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿人民币,出国考察用了</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">亿元人民币。这还不包括决策失误,搞形像工程和政绩工程所造成的浪费</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">(注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">29</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">)。不节制的行政管理费用是政府的腐败的明显标志。以上这三种活动每一单项拿出来投入教育都比现在对教育的总体投入要多上几倍。然而这些投入都直接用在满足政府官员的即得利益上。他们花起钱来大手大脚,满不在乎。指望他们能够想到为贫困的农民办教育显然是不可能的。他们的钱只会花在那些对领导对自己有利的地方,这已经成为政策官员的一种行为习惯。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">记得在</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">年的中央电视台窗口节目“让世界了解你”,安排了我国沿海的一个小城市的市长与美国硅谷的市长对话。在中方谈到要邀请硅谷的市长访问本市时,美方的女市长笑了一笑说,我必须去看一看我们的预算是否有这笔开支才能决定。。而中方的市长立刻大包大揽地说,我们愿意邀请您和您的同事来我们小城参观,费用全由我们负担。相比之下,这位市长表现得如此小气,因为美国的政府官员的每一笔花费都受到公民的监督的。如果将公款用于私人活动或预算外行动将受到法律治裁。而中国的市长好客大方,慷百姓之慨,天经地意,没有人会追究是谁给他如此权力滥用纳税人的钱。这就是中国的现状。两种制度下的政府官员的行为表现有著多么大的差距啊。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">义务教育是民主政体的一个重要行为,而教育经费又是义务教育的根本保障。通过对中美教育经费的对比,通过一个民主政府和一个专制政府在义务教育经费的预算和投入上的根本区别,我们可以清楚地看到中国政府制定的义务教育法的虚伪性。同时我们也看到,中央和各级政府的所作所为已构成义务教育的最大障碍。只有改变这种政治体制,中国义务教育实施才有可能得到根本的保证。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p><font size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"> </font></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">_______________________________________________ <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">注释:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1. "Educatio Finance Overview 2004-05", Minnesota Department of Education, June 2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">p1. <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">2. "Education Funding Overview" A presentation to Chamber of Commerce, by Tom Melcher,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minnesota Department of Education, September 22, 2004 . <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">3." National Association of State Budget Officers", Annual Report 2004 <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">4. "Estimated General Education and Major Categorical Revenues FY 2002 to FY 2007 State Totals" Resource: November 2004 Forecast Calculations, MED <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Education Funding Overview"</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">p.22 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">6. Sources: Us Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, State comparison of Education Statistics. 2nd . sources : "K-12 Education Funding Overview", p15 <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">7. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《农村教育的结构性矛盾与化解对策》辜胜阻,</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育研究</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004/10</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《九五期间我国教育经费进展情况分析》上海教科院发展研究中心,教育发展研究,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 2002/11</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《人大委员呼吁政府加大农村教育经费投入》中国青年报</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 2003/08/27 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">10. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《关于中国教育经费问题的回顾和思考》张保庆</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">-</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">教育部副部长</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 2001/08/23</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。中国教育和科研计算机网。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">同上。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12. </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">辜胜阻</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><font size="3">13. "Education Funding Overview" p.2 <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">14. "Education Funding Overview" p.14</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 17 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">15. Source: The Migrant Education Program (MEP)-Title I, Part C is authorized under Part C of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended. </span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"></span></font> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">16. 2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中央和地方预算执行情况</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中新社</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2005/3/6) <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">17. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1994</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中国才税改革的深刻背景》许善达</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">国家税务总局副局长</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">月</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">日中国宏观经济信息网</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">18. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年中央和地方预算执行情况》</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中新社</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2005/3/6) <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">19.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">张保庆文。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">20. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《财政与发展</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">--</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">中国财政制度变迁研究》胡书东,北京大学中国经济研究中心博士论文,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 2000/5</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">21.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">许善达文。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <p></p></span></font></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">22.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《试论我国教育经费紧却的深层原因及对策》南京理工大学李秀华,真源在线,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001/10/12 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">23.</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《教育经费向谁倾斜》教育基础教育新闻,中青在线</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 2001/08/23 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">24. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">《</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">18</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">周岁以下流动人员受教育状况堪忧》刘小青,</font></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">人民网,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2004/02/17 <p></p></span></font></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">25. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New R <p> 这篇文章很好,很重要,我得慢慢消化。想问一下安宁先生,这篇文章是不是你写的?如果是,我首先要道歉,因为原先不知道你就是禾丁,其次是想问一下,美国那边的数据你是怎么得来的?可靠程度如何?因为也许以后我会引用这些数据。</p><p> </p>回复:(乌龙茶) 这篇文章很好,很...
我想这个问题迟早是会提出来。禾丁不是一个个人,文章是几个人合作的成果。但是文章的数据出处尤其是美国方面,是完全可靠的,多数在网上也是可以查到的。当然有的是英文原文。如果你英文方面的资料需要帮助,尽可以提出来。不要客气。<br/><br/>长期在美国中小学工作的最大收获是直接与教育政策和法令接触,同时对这些政策与法规的产生与操作有深入的了解。这些经验是不容易得到的,尤其是多数海外学者在大学教书做学问。对美国中小学政策不太了解,所以国内介绍得不多,也不准确。这就是写这些文章的动机。如能对同行有所帮助,真的很高兴。[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-27 10:53:26编辑过][/color][/align]
<p> <font size="4">安宁先生,我感兴趣的是美国方面的资料,我的邮箱是</font><a href="mailto:jangfeng0720@126.com"><font size="4">jangfeng0720@126.com</font></a><font size="4"> 论坛注册时也填了,就是这个邮箱。</font></p><p><font size="4"> 我认为这篇文章确实很有参考价值,建议你投《比较教育研究》,如果能发表,影响会更大一些。以下是《比较教育研究》刊物的简介:</font></p><p><font size="4"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">比较教育研究</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">=</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Comparative education review </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">北京师范大学.—</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">北京</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">:北京师范大学出版社</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, 1992</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">~</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">双月刊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> CLC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">G40-059.3ISSN 1003-7667 CN11-2878 2-466 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究所(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">100875</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)编辑部电话:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">010-62208310 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">教育理论刊物。立足中国教育改革和发展的实际,追踪海内外教育思想、理论、观点的最新进展,开展对中外教育理论、规律、现状等方面的比较和探讨,突出对发展中国家,特别是我国周边国家教育的研究,借鉴国外经验,回答我国教育提出的现实问题。主要栏目有:高等教育、教育教学研究、课程改革、教育管理、港澳教育、比较教育、教育改革、教育思想与理论等。读者对象为高等院校师生、高教研究人员和各级高教管理干部。有英文目次。</span></font></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> 如果你们有兴趣投稿,我再提点建议。第一是,文章中的措辞、语气以及阐述观点时的视角,不应给人这样的感觉,好象是专门批评中国政府的,你应该知道国内的情况,没有哪家杂志会发这样的文章。第二,我认为,在义务教育经费问题上,更应该批评的是地方政府的作为,而不是教育部或国务院,这不是掩盖事实,而是尊重事实。其实在你们的文章中提到了张保庆的讲话以及胡书东的博士论文,尤其是胡书东的博士论文。你们可从中看到,中国地方政府也有承担义务教育经费的义务,所以这一点与美国是一样的,不同的是,在中国,地方政府总是把更多的钱花在了经济建设方面,而不是教育。我是江苏人,曾在一个转引的资料中看到,江苏的教育支出甚至曾低于2%,多数时候只是略高于2%,而江苏省是国内经济比较发达的省份,也称教育大省、文化大省。对比你们文中提到的美国地方政府在教育方面的投入,不难发现,这才是中美义务教育经费来源的最大差别。</font></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> 当然,你可能会说,地方政府也是政府,你们文中的“中国政府”一词是包含两级政府的。但是我想,这不仅有措辞方面的策略问题,还应该注意到,中美两国存在较大的体制差异。美国的联邦制,教育是各州办的,所以地方政府的投入是主力,而中国的情况相当复杂,总的来说权力更集中一些,这造成中央与地方在很多具体问题上(不只是教育问题)的责任划分不是很明确,地方政府实际上承担了许多不属于它的责任。所以,即使是要批评,也应该指出这方面的事实,而不要笼统地把问题都归结到“中国政府”上。这不明智,而且在中国,多数人一看你提政府,就认为是中央政府。这容易造成误解。</font></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> </font></span></p>
[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-27 12:14:50编辑过][/color][/align]
回复:(乌龙茶) 安宁先生,...
<p>谢谢你的建议。其实,去年国内同学也是建议去投这个杂志,于是就寄了去,当然也做了一些修改,然而他们回复稿件收到,从此有没有音信了。我想他们是不会登的。</p><p> </p>[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-28 2:34:37编辑过][/color][/align]
<div class="quote"><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> 如果你们有兴趣投稿,我再提点建议。第一是,文章中的措辞、语气以及阐述观点时的视角,不应给人这样的感觉,好象是专门批评中国政府的,你应该知道国内的情况,没有哪家杂志会发这样的文章。第二,我认为,在义务教育经费问题上,更应该批评的是地方政府的作为,而不是教育部或国务院,这不是掩盖事实,而是尊重事实。其实在你们的文章中提到了张保庆的讲话以及胡书东的博士论文,尤其是胡书东的博士论文。你们可从中看到,中国地方政府也有承担义务教育经费的义务,所以这一点与美国是一样的,不同的是,在中国,地方政府总是把更多的钱花在了经济建设方面,而不是教育。我是江苏人,曾在一个转引的资料中看到,江苏的教育支出甚至曾低于2%,多数时候只是略高于2%,而江苏省是国内经济比较发达的省份,也称教育大省、文化大省。对比你们文中提到的美国地方政府在教育方面的投入,不难发现,这才是中美义务教育经费来源的最大差别。</font></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> 当然,你可能会说,地方政府也是政府,你们文中的“中国政府”一词是包含两级政府的。但是我想,这不仅有措辞方面的策略问题,还应该注意到,中美两国存在较大的体制差异。美国的联邦制,教育是各州办的,所以地方政府的投入是主力,而中国的情况相当复杂,总的来说权力更集中一些,这造成中央与地方在很多具体问题上(不只是教育问题)的责任划分不是很明确,地方政府实际上承担了许多不属于它的责任。所以,即使是要批评,也应该指出这方面的事实,而不要笼统地把问题都归结到“中国政府”上。这不明智,而且在中国,多数人一看你提政府,就认为是中央政府。这容易造成误解。</font></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-bidi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"> </font></span></p><br/></div><p></p><p> </p><p>你指出有关两级政府的提法很有意思。以后如有可能,一定要把他们区别开来。但是有时候,很多时候,不仅国外的人搞不清国内两级政府的职能分工,就象你说的,国人搞得清楚吗?如果国内的研究人员能把这些头绪理一理,这样一来大家才清楚谁该负责,负何等责任。如果是中央一级没有把任务交代清楚,那就是中央一级的责任。如果中央已经交代,而地方不执行,那就是地方的责任。俗话说:冤有头,债有主,现在的情况是,不知道谁是头,谁是主。</p> 安宁:我今天我又在“倒霉的教育产业化与错乱的谩骂”续写了第三部分,上面有对这个问题的较详细的说明,并指出你们对中国的实际情况不完全了解。希望供你参考,也希望听到你的批评意见。 <p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">另外,中国政府在对教育经费做估算时,常常低估计学生平均教育成本。例如</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,按照国家投入教育的总额计算,每生平均只达到</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">280</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,而实际成本远大於此数。以</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1992</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年西安市生均教育成本调查材料为例:小学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 865</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,中学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1383</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,大学</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> 12160</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元,总均</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4922</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">元</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">22)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">。政府给于的教育成本费只是实际教育成本的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">=======================</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">这数据可靠吗?与经验不符啊,那时收费远没现在厉害,政府只出<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5%?其他的是谁出的?那时大学还不怎么收费。</span></span></font></p> <p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">如果把这三级教育管理部门投入教育的经费都加起来,就可以看到这些投入远远不只是占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">9%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">的政府财政预算。</font></span></p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">================================</font></span></p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">三级教育管理部门投入教育的经费都加起来,还是政府财政预算?那不算高啊,中国两级政府加起来,怕也要占财政预算的三十吧?</font></span></p> <p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">即使在教育经费总额占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">比例最高的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4.30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,国家预算内的教育经费也只占<font color="#f70938">教育经费总量</font>的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">54.19% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。这就是说,按照教育所需要的财政预算,政府仅仅承担了一半的费用,而剩下的一半是由老百姓自己承担的。</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">====================</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">如果是教育经费,不是义务教育经费,占一半差不多吧?美国高等教育不是也很贵吗?文章中没看到相关的数字,总的感觉,不像是同一个东西在比。</span></font></p> <div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>金丝铁线</i>在2006-8-3 22:15:00的发言:</b><br/><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">即使在教育经费总额占</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GDP</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">比例最高的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">4.30%</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">,国家预算内的教育经费也只占<font color="#f70938">教育经费总量</font>的</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">54.19% (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">注</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8) </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">。这就是说,按照教育所需要的财政预算,政府仅仅承担了一半的费用,而剩下的一半是由老百姓自己承担的。</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">====================</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">如果是教育经费,不是义务教育经费,占一半差不多吧?美国高等教育不是也很贵吗?文章中没看到相关的数字,总的感觉,不像是同一个东西在比。</span></font></p></div><p>上文主要讨论的是义务教育经费。或者这样说由政府支付的教育经费。高等教育在美国不属于义务教育的投入范围。美国高等教育投入以民营为主(用中国的话来说)。然而政府也对高等教育进行某些方面的补贴,但所占预算总数的比例就有限了。比如在2004年各州政府对高等教育的投入是10。9%,而且这些费用主要是给公办的大学,社区大学所用。没有任何费用支付民办学校(私立大学)。 </p><p>而美国中小学公立学校的全部费用都是由政府支付。美国的确有很大一部分中小学学生上私立学校。私立学校的费用是不包括在政府的预算之内。然而私立学校的收入也不可能进入政府的腰包。那些帐都是清清楚楚的。在中国这些帐就全混在一起。政府收到了多少不该收的钱,而花了多少钱在应该花的地方老百姓知道吗?当然无法知道细帐。但是人人皆知他们做了不该做的事。 </p><p> </p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman"><font face="Arial">〈</font>三级教育管理部门投入教育的经费都加起来,还是政府财政预算?那不算高啊,中国两级政府加起来,怕也要占财政预算的三十吧?〉</font></span> </p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">提得好,如果有资料,不妨做一个调查,这是一个领域被忽视了。美国教育制度规定地方自制,其意味着中央没有统一的课程,教科书,考试,毕业标准,甚至教师的审核标准等,这些都由各州政府自己作主。联邦用法律来监督各州的操作。各洲也有各自的法律制约。大都相同,有一些细节差异。教育经费成为各州主要的花费也是因为各州自治的原因。</font></span> </p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">然而中国不一样,中央统一管理教育,而地方并没有很多自主权。如果其他权利中央不放手而要地方出钱,那就不合理了。这一块如果不清不楚,这两级政府就会互相推逶,这样一来,倒霉的就是老百姓。</font></span> </p><p> </p> <p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman"> 如果其他权利中央不放手而要地方出钱,那就不合理了。这一块如果不清不楚,这两级政府就会互相推逶,这样一来,倒霉的就是老百姓。</font></span></p><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman"> 从这段看,安宁先生还是了解我们的国情的。</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">即使在教育经费总额占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">GDP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">比例最高的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4.30%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,国家预算内的教育经费也只占教育经费总量的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">54.19% (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">注</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。这就是说,按照教育所需要的财政预算,政府仅仅承担了一半的费用,而剩下的一半是由老百姓自己承担的。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">《九五期间我国教育经费进展情况分析》上海教科院发展研究中心,教育发展研究,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2002/11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">---------------------------------------------------------- <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">进去看了一下,有关</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年的主要数据如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">全国教育经费总计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 3849.08</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2562.61</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">财政预算内教育拨款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2085.68</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人均教育经费(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 304</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">另,全国在校学生按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿人估算,全国总人口按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿估算(3849.08/304)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以下是数据分析:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费占全国教育经费比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=2562.61/3849.08=66.68% <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">非国家财政性教育经费占全国教育经费比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=1-0.6668=33.42% <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">非国家财政性教育经费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=3849.08-2562.61=1286.47</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(亿元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人均教育经费之非国家财政性教育经费部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=304*33.42%=101.60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">全民负担总量估算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=101.60*12=1219.20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(亿元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在校学生</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">平均负担</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">估算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=1219.20/2.2=</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">554.18</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在校学生</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">享有</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">平均额</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=554.18/66.68%=</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">831.10</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">可能是有点什么问题,但不愿发表任何评论。呵呵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>
[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2006-8-4 12:02:45编辑过][/color][/align]
没找到把义务教育经费分开来算的可靠数据源,呵呵,只能将就了,不过,估计如果分开来算,结果可能更让人难堪。呵呵。 <div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>流星雨</i>在2006-8-4 11:24:00的发言:</b><br/><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">即使在教育经费总额占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">GDP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">比例最高的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4.30%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,国家预算内的教育经费也只占教育经费总量的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">54.19% (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">注</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。这就是说,按照教育所需要的财政预算,政府仅仅承担了一半的费用,而剩下的一半是由老百姓自己承担的。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">8.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">《九五期间我国教育经费进展情况分析》上海教科院发展研究中心,教育发展研究,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2002/11</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">---------------------------------------------------------- <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">进去看了一下,有关</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年的主要数据如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">全国教育经费总计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 3849.08</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2562.61</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">财政预算内教育拨款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 2085.68</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人均教育经费(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 304</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">另,全国在校学生按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿人估算,全国总人口按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">亿估算(3849.08/304)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以下是数据分析:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费占全国教育经费比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=2562.61/3849.08=66.68% <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">非国家财政性教育经费占全国教育经费比例</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=1-0.6668=33.42% <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">非国家财政性教育经费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=3849.08-2562.61=1286.47</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(亿元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人均教育经费之非国家财政性教育经费部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=304*33.42%=101.60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">全民负担总量估算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=101.60*12=1219.20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(亿元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在校学生</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">平均负担</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">估算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=1219.20/2.2=</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">554.18</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在校学生</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">享有</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国家财政性教育经费</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">平均额</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">=554.18/66.68%=</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">831.10</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(元)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="BACKGROUND: #f8f8fa; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">可能是有点什么问题,但不愿发表任何评论。呵呵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><br/></div><p></p><p>谢谢你花时间把这些数字找出来。其说服力比长篇文章有力多了。但是问题在于政府不是没有条件来对现自己的承诺,而制造了很多理由为自己辩护。如果不把这些借口揭穿,人们还是不会明白其中之猫腻。</p><p>举个例子,借口之一:中国是个穷国,出不起这么多钱来办教育。只要用一个事实就可以揭穿:公车以及出差旅游的花费就超出了教育经费的投入。在美国为干部配备公车是不存在的,出差旅游如果不在预算的范围内,就不可能实行。所以结论是有没有钱不是主要的,关键是钱花在哪里,为谁花。由此可以看出这种现象与国的穷与富不是相对应的。关键是制度是否正义。</p> 不,安宁MM误会了,很感谢你的分析(在给我的女儿争权益啦,呵呵),再说数据分析和专题论文是两回事,我可不是官僚,对学术的基本理解还是有的。嘿嘿。
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<p>美国的义务教育比中国好得多,投入不管是总数还是占GDP比例,都比中国高,我从来没有怀疑过,我对文章的意见只是对比时最好用一样的计算法,像文章谈美国教育投入用占财政开支的百分比,谈中国投入时用占GDP百分比;就不利于看清差距。</p><p>还有就是希望对比时分清教育投入与义务教育投入,因为有国情因素,中国财政在义务教育没有满足的情况下,对非义务教育上投入在增加,像北京每个大学生年教育费用为三万多,(四川一万不到)而随着大学扩招,高中学生增加,财政在高中生上的投入也在增加,这在美国原本就是义务教育,但在中国不是。而中国大众对教育收费最主要的抱怨在大学收费,也就是要求财政增加对非义务教育的投入,如果用美国教育思路来看这个问题,这种要求的满足显然应该放在义务教育后面吧?</p>
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我应该看得懂金丝兄先前所发帖的意思,你可能也看出了我就同一组数据,选取的角度和安宁女士还是有细微差别的,所以得出的百分比稍有不同,或许只是想强调一种准确性吧? <p> 几位的讨论很精彩,安宁那篇文章,我更感兴趣的是美国数据的来源。此文可能早就写好了,从引用的中国数据看,是前几年的。现在我们更应该关注的是本届政府的作为,所以最后是引用2002年以来的数据为好。</p> <p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">一九八六年人大通过了义务教育法,其中第十条规定“国家对接受义务教育的学生免收学费”。然而</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,国家又制定了《义务教育学校<font color="#f70938">收费</font>管理暂行办法》,也就是说,从</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,义务教育就不再是免费,而是<font color="#ff0033">收费</font>教育了。特别是在农村与贫困地区几乎是完全靠收费维持,而<font color="#ff0033">收费</font>的口子一经打开就不可收拾。因为这给那些专门想方设法敛财的各级政府官员创造了生财之道。广大贫困百姓尤其是农民几乎被这些税费逼得没有活路。后来看乱收费实在闹得不成样子,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">年,为了进一步“减轻农民负担”,才在农村实行了“一费制”。</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">============================</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">前后的收费似乎不是同一个意思,前者指对具体的家长收费,后者指为了不对家长收费,而对农民普遍摊派的一种税费;</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font color="#f70938">《义务教育学校收费管理暂行办法》,也就是说,从<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,义务教育就不再是免费,</font></span></font></span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">这句也有点望文生义,暂行规定就是规定免收学费的,收取杂费则与以前的规定一样。</span></span></font></p>
回复:(金丝铁线)一九八六年人大通过了义务教育法,...
<div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>金丝铁线</i>在2006-8-5 7:50:00的发言:</b><br/><p><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">一九八六年人大通过了义务教育法,其中第十条规定“国家对接受义务教育的学生免收学费”。然而</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年,国家又制定了《义务教育学校<font color="#f70938">收费</font>管理暂行办法》,也就是说,从</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,义务教育就不再是免费,而是<font color="#ff0033">收费</font>教育了。特别是在农村与贫困地区几乎是完全靠收费维持,而<font color="#ff0033">收费</font>的口子一经打开就不可收拾。因为这给那些专门想方设法敛财的各级政府官员创造了生财之道。广大贫困百姓尤其是农民几乎被这些税费逼得没有活路。后来看乱收费实在闹得不成样子,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2001</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">年,为了进一步“减轻农民负担”,才在农村实行了“一费制”。</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">============================</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">前后的收费似乎不是同一个意思,前者指对具体的家长收费,后者指为了不对家长收费,而对农民普遍摊派的一种税费;</span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font color="#f70938">《义务教育学校收费管理暂行办法》,也就是说,从<span style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><font face="Times New Roman">年起,义务教育就不再是免费,</font></span></font></span></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="FONT-FAMILY: \'MS Song\'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: \'MS Song\';">这句也有点望文生义,暂行规定就是规定免收学费的,收取杂费则与以前的规定一样。</span></span></font></p></div><p>你说的对,这一点原文没有说清楚。现在可以看出政府是在想办法调整政策,从以前的一杆子包办教育到义务教育的管理。然而因为对政策的界限并不清楚,又有人抱着一些私利不放,造成目前的尴尬局面。 </p><p>写对比的文章资料的准确性很重要。但是对于国内的数据准确性有很多疑问,同时也有难度。希望同行互相配合,共同来把问题搞清楚。 </p><p>这样的讨论使人心服口服,愿意加入,同时也可以深入到本质的问题。谢谢大家。</p>[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2006-8-6 1:30:55编辑过][/color][/align]
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