[转帖]哈佛校长的两个“S”
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"><font size="4"><strong>哈佛校长的两个“S”</strong></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">哈佛大学校长劳伦斯</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">•</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Lawrence Summers</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">)今年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">日宣布,他将在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2006</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">学年结束时也就是</span><chsdate wst="on" isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="30" year="2006"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">日</span></chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">辞职,同一天我们哈佛校友就收到了校方发来告知此事的电子邮件。一听到萨默斯要辞职,我有好几天心情都不愉快,很失望,因为从某种意义上讲,这对萨默斯很不公平。作为一个哈佛毕业生,我知道,在哈佛的校园里,有好多学生都很喜欢他。哈佛的核心校园一进门右边的第一栋老楼,叫马萨诸塞楼,我原来读书时进去过,楼道和楼梯都摇摇晃晃、吱吱呀呀的,那里面底层就是校长办公室,楼上面还住着一些本科生。宣布要辞职的那天,萨默斯从他的办公室走出来,很多学生都上前围着他,拥戴他,他与学生们握手,很动人的场面。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"><strong>出身世家的天才经济学家</strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2001</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年哈佛大学在全球遴选校长,校方给校友发来电子邮件,希望我们能够帮助参与提名和提供信息。那时候我就知道,在一百多名候选人中有卸任总统克林顿和卸任副总统戈尔,而前五名中就有萨默斯,并且他是前五名中最年轻的。当他后来被遴选为哈佛第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">任校长的时候,我非常兴奋。我知道萨默斯在全球经济学家中是个学术大明星,而且知道他做事很有胆略。他非常年轻,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1954</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年出生,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2001</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年时还不到五十岁,而哈佛已经</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">375</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">周岁了。我觉得这么一所古老的大学,如果有这么一个年轻的校长,对于它不断更新生命力,会大有好处。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯上任后也给我们发了一些电子邮件,很少讲官话,而是讲了一些他的抱负,说他想把哈佛办成什么样等等,这使我们对他有很高的期待。那时,包括哈佛的教师、学生、校友以及很多媒体,都认为他有可能成为哈佛历史上最有影响力的校长之一。哈佛的校长是没有任期限制的,它不是一个公营机构,而是私立大学。在我的记忆中,哈佛历史上任期最长的校长是艾略特(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Charles Eliot</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">),他从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1869</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年做到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1909</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年的时间,是影响最大的一位。他接手的时候,哈佛还只是一个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">College</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(文理学院),就是在他的手上,哈佛变成了一个综合性的研究型大学。所以当</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">多岁的萨默斯当上校长的时候,我觉得他是可以好好做</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20—25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年的,做到哈佛</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">400</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">周岁,没想到他这么快就要离职了。哈佛历史上任期最短的校长是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cornelius Felton</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1860</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1862</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年,才只</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">那是因为他过早去世了。所以萨默斯的这次辞职,从漫长的哈佛历史来将,不说是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">夭折</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,至少是给人昙花一现的凄凉感觉。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">我在哈佛念书时,萨默斯是哈佛经济系的讲座教授,我刚进去,就知道这个人是学术天才。他出生于一个有名的学术家族,父母都是经济学教授,而且有两个诺贝尔经济学奖得主跟他有直系血缘关系,一个是萨缪尔森(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Paul Samuelson</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">),他的伯父,一个是阿罗(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Kenneth Arrow</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">),他的舅舅。萨缪尔森是对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">世纪经济学影响最大的经济学家之一,阿罗这个人也很伟大,杨小凯最崇拜他。为什么萨默斯不是跟萨缪尔森一个姓呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">因为萨默斯的爸爸罗伯特</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">•</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨缪尔森不愿意沾他兄弟的光,所以硬把自己的姓改成了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Summers</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯出身于显赫的经济学世家,他本人更是聪明得一塌糊涂,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">岁就上了大学,本来他是要到麻省理工学院学物理的,突然就转向去学经济学,我想可能是家庭的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1975</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年他拿到了麻省理工学院的学士学位,在那时他就以会辩论而出名。他反应非常快,语言锋利,表情丰富多彩。他</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1982</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年拿到哈佛的经济学博士学位。在他博士学位还没拿到手的时候,就在英语世界被认为是将来一定会成为一个大家,那时候他已经发表了很好的论文,所以还没毕业麻省理工学院就把他抢去了,给他副教授的职位。他好象从来没有做过助理教授,简直是一步登天。他被麻省理工学院</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">预订</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">后,哈佛大学就很着急,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1983</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年又把他挖过来,马上给了他<personname wst="on" productid="终身">终身</personname>教授的位置,那时候他才</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">岁,应该是哈佛</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">多年历史上最年轻的正教授之一了,在我的记忆里好像只有一个数学正教授更年轻。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">大家都知道萨默斯是个天才,他本人也对自己的智力异常自信,直到他后来做了美国财政部的第一副部长,他都不愿意别人称呼他的官衔。美国当时的财政部长是鲁宾,是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1960</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年的哈佛毕业生,是他把萨默斯一手提携起来的,等于是他的恩师。有天在一次非常重要的场合,鲁宾介绍萨默斯说:</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">现在,我们热烈欢迎美国财政部的第一副部长萨默斯先生</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,这句话一出,却把萨默斯弄了个大红脸,因为萨默斯从来没有认为自己是个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">大部长</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,而认为自己是个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">大学者</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,他把自己的学术地位看得更重要,把智力优势看得无比重要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">我在哈佛念书的时候,虽然没有上过萨默斯的课,但在校园里很多地方见过他。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1991</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年,萨默斯从哈佛请了两年假,去世界银行做首席经济学家,兼做分管国际政策的副行长。这时候萨默斯做了一件事情,给我印象极深。他当了副行长不久,就改变了世界银行原来用货币兑换率来计算世界各国经济总量(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">GDP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">)的老方法,而是采用所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PPP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Purchasing Power Parities</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">),即购买力平权,这一下子就把中国的经济总量在计算上增加了几倍。作为留美学生,我们感情上当然喜欢别人把自己的祖国讲得强一点。同时,中国的经济增长在客观上也是显眼的,只有这样才能如实反映出中国的经济现状。我出国前在北京工作,当时月工资是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">68</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">块钱,因为是研究生毕业,在年轻人里已经算是工资高的了。但如果按照货币兑换率计算,以我当时在国内的月薪,只能在美国剃两个头,而且还不能吹风、喷香水,所以美国人常常很纳闷,说</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">你们怎么活啊,我的天啦!</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从生活常识上来讲,货币兑换率这个指标有时很误导的,而使中国马上在国际上成为一个备受关注的大经济体,主要就是因为萨默斯倡导使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PPP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">计算原则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">观念改变世界</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,仅仅是改变一个计算方法,马上中国的形象就全变了,所以我觉得萨默斯这人的脑子是超级的。不久前他又说中国参与经济全球化对全世界的影响,可能会大于当年的英国工业革命。像这样的观念,是有大智慧的人才能提出来的。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">一头闯进瓷器店的斗牛</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>”</strong> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯太聪明了,而且从来不搞含糊其词,直率锋利,不打官腔,这对一个学者来说是挺好,而作为一个高层官员,就会惹很多麻烦。他在世界银行期间,就闹过一次大风波。大约是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1991</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">月份,在世界银行的一次内部交流中,他提出了一个问题,说可不可以考虑把那些污染严重的制造厂,从人口密集的发达国家和地区移到人口不密集的穷国去?他主要指的是要移到非洲去。他的用词很有意思,即</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> “under-developed, under-populated, under-polluted countries”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(不发达的、人口不多的、污染不足的国家)</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">难道还要在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">污染充足</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">污染不足</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">的国家之间搞污染的再分配吗?萨默斯这样写了之后,谁也不知道这个本单位内部的私人备忘录怎么就传到外界去了,立即在全世界引起强烈反弹。他是世界银行的首席经济学家,而且是主管国际政策的副行长,怎么可以有这种想法?于是引起了很大的抗议,其中以世界绿色和平组织的抗议最强烈。当即呼吁要他辞职。萨默斯不得已出来解释,说自己不是这个意思,说只是作为学术研究上的一种推论和思路提出来的(现代经济学研究常把问题推论到极端状态下作逻辑推理)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也就是从这个时候开始,媒体对萨默斯进行特别的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">关怀</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,常以负面角度来报道他,他们知道他是个大嘴,讲话特别锋利。从这件事情开始,他与其他的一些哈佛校友在政治上闹得很僵,比如与副总统戈尔。戈尔是个环保主义者,因为这件事,本来萨默斯在从世界银行位置上做满以后,被提名为克林顿总统经济顾问委员会主席</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这是一个很重要的位置,在此之前是鲁宾担任,结果却让戈尔把萨默斯给否了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯后来不断因为讲话锋利而引起风波。他到哈佛担任校长后,几个事情上闹出问题。第一个事情是指责一个美<personname wst="on" productid="国黑人">国黑人</personname>教授</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">West</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">West</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">是哈佛新成立的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">非洲和非裔美国人研究系</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">的大牌教授,哈佛本来就受到压力,说对黑人研究不够重视。萨默斯当了校长以后,有一次对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Wes</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">讲,你经常不上课,老是往外跑,就是说他不务正业,要他把精力放在做学问上。这个教授一听就火了,一气之下</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">老子不干了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。这个事情一闹,在美国立即牵涉到敏感的种族问题。萨默斯自己是个白人,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他应该是哈佛历史上仅有的犹太人校长。这个事情一段时间在美国引起很多媒体的炒作,萨默斯自己说这根本就不是个种族问题</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,而且他在哈佛也是重视黑人研究的,本人也并不歧视黑人。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他闹出的第二个大风波就是前不久,在一次会议上说大学或研究机构里面,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">好像</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在数学和科学几个领域里,女性相对来说少,大学者不多见,是不是女性天生就不适合这些硬学科?他并没有说一定就是这样,只是作为一个科学问题提了出来。但这个问题一提出,就又引起轩然大波。美国女权运动是很厉害的,这样一来,搞得好几个大学包括哈佛在内的女教授们都出来抗议,搞得他很狼狈,只好又出来作解释。为了表明他自己不是这个意思,马上采取了两个重要措施,一个是在哈佛大学招聘教员的时候,增加女教师的比例,第二个是专门拨款,在一些基础科学方面为女性提供奖学金,这些都是为了表明他没有内在的歧视。后来有人去查他的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">老底</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,发现萨默斯在世界银行期间,还专门提出和实行过大力拨款给发展中国家,去帮助它们的女孩和妇女的教育。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Style</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(风格)锐利,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Substance</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(实质)坚固</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">为了以上那件事,再加上萨默斯在哈佛大力推动革新,伤害了一些既得利益,就逼他辞职,我很为他抱不平。他聪明绝顶、做事实在,只是有时出口伤人,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">West</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">曾经打了一个比喻,说萨默斯就像是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">一头闯进瓷器店的斗牛</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。一头斗牛闯进了瓷器店,那还了得!他有太多的想法要去做,又很急躁,当然容易得罪人。我看萨默斯身上有两个大</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“S”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">:第一个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“S”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Style</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(风格),第二个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“S”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Substance </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(实质)。我觉得如果要批评他的话,也只能批评他的第一个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“S”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">即</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Style</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">有毛病。无论是他在世界银行担任副行长,是接手鲁宾后又做了美国历史上最年轻的财政部长,还是做哈佛大学校长,在这三个最重要的公职上,他引发的很多争议,我觉得都是第一个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">S</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">造成的。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">抛开学术不论(他得过美国</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">克拉克经济学奖</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,得过这个奖的人,大部分后来都得了诺贝尔经济学奖),他真的是有很多坚实的成就。在他担任哈佛校长的这五年,做了好几件了不起的事情。他为哈佛募捐了十几亿的基金(现在哈佛的基金是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">260</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">亿美元,而有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">800</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年历史的剑桥大学和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">900</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年历史的牛津大学却入不敷出,老本越吃越少),而且为哈佛大学扩大了跨世纪发展的地盘。他任校长一开始,就采取一个大改革,着手更新哈佛的本科教育制度。哈佛原来</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">大班课</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">较多,为了让刚进哈佛的一年级新鲜人能够接触到最前沿的学术成果,萨默斯特别强调要在哈佛加强</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">小班研讨会</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">的训练,让这些新鲜人开眼界、开心胸、开思路,同时也加强了师生之间的沟通和交流。我在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1992</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1993</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年曾经在哈佛本科生院开过这样的课,几个学生的小班。在萨默斯担任校长之前,哈佛本科生院只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">34</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">个这样的小班课,到现在已经有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">141</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">个了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他做的第二件事我觉得也很了不起。我</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年进哈佛的那一学年,哈佛的本科生学费加生活费九个月不到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">17000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">美元,到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年,已经长到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">多美元了。萨默斯说这样不行,如果穷人家的孩子想翻身的话,就要让他们有良好的教育机会,所以他采取了一个政策:凡是美国公民,如果你每年的全家收入在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">美元以下,考进哈佛后学费生活费全免,学校把你包下来,不会因为经济困难让你走人。如果你的家庭年收入不超过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">60000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">美元,你的学费打折扣。除了做这件大事,他还做了另一件很伟大的事情。他认为,现在很多学生都想着毕业后去赚大钱,但是对人类社会进步很重要的一些学科,如基础科学、教育学科、公共服务学科等等,不赚高薪,很多优秀学生就不去读。萨默斯觉得这种趋势要扭转,所以他推出奖励制度,对选择读不赚大钱的重要学科的研究生,给予经济补贴。这不仅对哈佛大学这所私立名校有好处,更重要的是对整个社会、人类文明都有长远好处。萨默斯所做的这些,都属于他的第二个</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">“S”</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">即</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Substance </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">(实质),是会在历史上留下印记的大作为。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">萨默斯的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Style</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,还体现在他有时候会穿着皱巴巴的衬衣去上班,有时候会被记者发现他的两只脚穿着不同颜色的袜子,当然还有言词锋利出口刺人。但是,如果仅仅因为你不喜欢他的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Style</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而看不到他的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Substance</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">,那真的是一件极不公平的事情,是猥屑的历史观占了上风。</span></p>页:
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