[转帖]梅景辉:知识的悖谬与德性的超越——中西德性传统的差异与沟通
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">知识与德性的统一在古希腊和中国先秦时期都是哲人从事哲学省思与生活实践的首要原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但由于哲学发展的不同路向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">作为理论和方法的知性之知在中国哲学的延承中逐渐趋于没落。而在西方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">近代理性主义的勃兴促成了知识论的单向发展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">同时导致了德性之知与实践智慧传统的自我遗忘。它所造成的后果是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在科学日益发展的时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">人愈是强调自身对于自然的宰制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">却愈是滑向了物化的边缘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">愈是置身于人所建构的外在物质世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">愈是造成自身精神世界的荒漠与德性的破缺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">当代人的这一生存悖论所折射出的其实是西方知识论单向扩张的悖谬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它在德性之知与实践智慧的传统被近代哲学淡忘时就已经潜藏了危机。德性传统的失落使得近现代知识论的难题已不同于古希腊那种逻辑上的抵牾与认识上的悖论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而是直接关涉于人类生存的悖谬与困境。近代西方知识论虽然在一定程度上延续了古希腊的知识论传统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但在同神学的对抗及对经院哲学的批判中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">却逐渐与科学认知方法合流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">单向地外化为逻辑、理论、方法和原则</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">失去了原有的人文精神与德性关怀。知识论在一路凯歌中推进了西方近现代文明的发展与科学技术的进步</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它不仅成为哲学发展的主流</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也引导着科学与政治的走向。然而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由于工具理性和科学主义的扩张所导致的生态环境的危机、技术对人的宰制以及人的心灵和精神世界的荒漠化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">又惊醒了人们完全依赖于科学知识的迷梦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">使得哲学家们在对工具理性进行批判的同时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">转向了对久已失落的德性传统的诉求。席勒对把人变成“断片”的机器社会的否定、马尔库塞对现代工业文明的诘难</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">都切中了知识论悖谬的本质。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">年代兴起的哲学解释学中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">我们又看到了一种新的前景</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">即在对科学时代理性的反思中古希腊实践智慧和中国德性智慧的“视界融合”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">一 毋庸置疑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">当代哲学对于实践智慧与德性之知的诉求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并不意味着对于科学技术与知性之知的弃绝。早在两千多年前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">哲人在对人类兴起的技术进行批判时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就已经意识到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">人的出现在事实上不可能再回复到“天地与我并生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">万物与我为一”的原初境界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而由知识所建构起来的文明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">无论对人的心灵造成怎样的戕害</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">都不可能毁弃已有的器物与文化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从而倒退到原初的纯朴之态。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">不可弃绝并不意味着消极的逃避与迎合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而应是积极的涵容与引导。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在古希腊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就有了苏格拉底将哲学从天上带到人间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">用德性之知来涵摄自然之知。当然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在苏格拉底时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">自然之知与技术对于人的心灵和精神生命的影响尚处于启蒙的初阶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并未展开其双刃剑的效应。但苏格拉底仍然敏锐地察觉到其物化的可能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他要引导世人追求一种健全的关于善的知识</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">认为只有在对善的知识的追问和践履中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">人才成为自身的目的并获得真正的幸福。在他看来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">德性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(verture)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就是关于善的知识的内在本质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">拥有德性的人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">既能够在理性中把握知识的“善”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">又能够在行为中履行道德的“善”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他的“美德即知识”命题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">同时也意味着知识、智慧与德性的相互转化以及德性与理性的统一。这一洞见为西方知识论传统开启了一个双重维度的路向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">即将人文精神与德性智慧蕴涵于知识论之中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由此来引导自然之知与技术之知的发展方向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">苏格拉底的这一思想经由柏拉图而深刻地影响了亚里士多德。但亚氏用更为谨严的辨析将德性与理性作了适当的区分。在亚氏看来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">德性是使一个事物自身及其实践活动臻于至善的品质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">理性则是人的灵魂中对应于逻各斯的秉性与能力。由于人的灵魂中还具有非逻各斯的部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">如欲望等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">),</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">人的德性就相应地区分为理智德性和道德德性。在理智德性中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">最主要的部分是理论智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(sophia/philo-sophicalwisdom)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">与实践智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(phronesis/practicalwisdom),</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">理论智慧是直觉理性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(nous/intuitiverea-son)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">与科学之知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(episteme/scientificknowledge)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">的结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它能够在科学之知中运用直觉理性达到对于形而上学的直观。因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">拥有理论智慧的人可以在一种纯粹的理性静观中达到至善与自由。实践智慧则是“一种同善恶相关的、合乎逻各斯的求真的品质”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。它由人类交往中的道德教化和个人的处事经验凝炼而成。相对于理论智慧超越现实生活而言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">实践智慧是面向生活的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它使人在生活的具体情境中能够运用道德的直觉来把握适度的善</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它为生活者判断是非善恶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">为德性的实践提供理性基础</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并表现为对于生活实践的深思熟虑。——与一般所谓的“聪明”相比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它更具有德性的意谓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它是以具体的善为实践的鹄的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而非仅仅张扬个体的意欲。因而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">拥有实践智慧的人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在生活中能够从容中道、游刃有余</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并获得一种在行为中与善合一的幸福。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">为了阐明理智德性与道德德性的关联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">亚里士多德将道德德性也区分为自然的道德德性与严格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">实践</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">的道德德性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">前者是指人先天潜在具有的道德品质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">后者则是经由人的实践智慧而习得的品质。他非常赞同苏格拉底关于人之德性依存于实践智慧的观点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并进一步指出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">“离开了实践智慧就没有严格意义的善</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而离开了道德德性也不可能会有实践智慧……德性使得我们确定目的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">实践智慧使我们选择实现目的的正确手段”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。亚氏实际上认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">实践智慧是理智德性和道德德性相互统一的中介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">如若没有理性的指导</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">欲望就会在实践中为所欲为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">道德德性就不可能在生活中逐渐养成。但在生活的具体情境中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">若没有实践智慧的融入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">欲望和情感也就不能接受理性的指导</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">他虽然否定苏格拉底“德性即理性”的说法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但还是通过实践智慧将道德与理智、德行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">与知识相互贯通起来。而且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从知识论的层面上来说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">亚里士多德虽然根据人的生命活动的不同领域和对象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而将知识划分为科学</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">自然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">之知、德性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">实践</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">之知与技术</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">创制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">之知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但他还是用实践智慧将知识论整合成既具有理性原则、又具有实践精神</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">既具有科学方法、又具有德性关怀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">既谋求人的现实福利、又关注人类整体福祉的健全知识体系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">不过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由于对形而上学和理论智慧的偏好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在亚里士多德的学说中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">理论智慧相对于实践智慧仍处于优先地位。因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">德性在一定意义上还要屈从于理性的思虑。在笔者看来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">古希腊德性传统的失落</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">与近代理性主义的勃兴和亚里士多德的这一思想有很大的关联。因而在科技的双刃剑与知识的悖谬已充分展现的当代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">古希腊的德性传统还不足以纠时代之偏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">我们还需拓展新的视界来审视知识与德性、科技与人文、事实与价值之间的关系。而在原有视域的延伸中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">中国儒家关于德性智慧的思想就呈现出来</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并为我们反思现代人的知识悖谬与生存境遇开启了新的思维路向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">二 如所周知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">中国儒家的道德思想在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">17</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">世纪传入欧洲时就曾造成过巨大的影响</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">莱布尼茨和沃尔夫都曾经被儒家哲学中所蕴藏的德性智慧所折服</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但在理性主义和科学主义的全面突显中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">儒家德性智慧却被黑格尔视为常识化的道德教训而加以忽略。当代中西哲学的交流与现代知识论的悖谬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">则使西方哲学家对儒家德性思想又有了新的理解与期待</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并自觉地寻求儒家智慧与古希腊实践智慧的融通。在这种时代语境下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">对儒家的德性智慧作深入的考察并与古希腊实践智慧相比较</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">既具有理论上的可能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也具有实践上的必要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由于传统在文化群体生命中的延承与内化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">对于儒家德性的探究本身就如精神生命之间的相与和会通</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而不像考察西方知识论那样觉得异在而艰难</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">, </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">同时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">“它山之石</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">可以攻玉”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">知识论与实践智慧的铺垫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也使我们对儒家德性智慧有着更为深入的理解与观照。因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在一定意义上说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由孔子开启的儒家德性智慧也可以称为一种实践智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而在孔子孟子荀子那里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这种智慧本身就内含知识论的维度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">或者说它是将知识融入道德而形成的一种与道相合的德性品质与实践智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这一观点在儒家的经典和先哲的道德践履中都可以得到明证。如《大学》开篇即以“明明德”与“止于至善”为致学之道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">而“明德”、“至善”又必须以“格物致知”为肇始之基。虽然格物之“知”在宋明理学的“外物之知”与“本心良知”之争中未有定论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但可以肯定的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">知识在先秦儒家哲学中始终与德性相伴随</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并为德性智慧所笼罩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它经由“诚意”、“正心”的理性与德性的转化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">达到人的身心和谐的“明德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">修身</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">”境界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">进而在人的生活与社会交往中外化为具体的“齐家、治国、平天下”的实践智慧。可以说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这一“内圣外王”的过程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也就是我们所理解的“知识融入道德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">理性化为德性”的过程。但为何事实性的“致知”能够在这一过程中转化为具有价值取向与德性关怀的“明德”、“至善”呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">?</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">笔者认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">“诚意”是促成知识与道德相融、理性与德性同化的关键环节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">只有通过对于“诚意”特别是“诚”的透彻理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">才能阐明“格物致知”向“明德”、“至善”跃迁的本质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由此明了儒家德性智慧与亚里士多德的实践智慧的可能勾连与分延。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">应该说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">《大学》中的“诚意”与《中庸》中的“诚”是相互发明的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">如果用“体用之学”的说法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">那么</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">《中庸》中的“诚”可谓是“诚意”的共相与本体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">《大学》中的“诚意”则是“诚”的殊相与运用。因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">《中庸》通过对于“诚”的阐隐发微——“诚者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">天之道也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">诚之者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">人之道也。诚者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">不勉而中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">不思而得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从容中道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">圣人也。诚之者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">择善而固执之也。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">——实际上向我们昭示了儒家两种不同的智慧。借用西方哲学的话语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">可以称之为“超验的智慧”与“超越的智慧”。作为超验性的“诚者”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">可能类似于孔子所言“生而知之者”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">天生具有通达天道的秉性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">能够通过对自性的反观而“尽人之性、尽物之性”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">进而“赞天地之化育</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">与天地参”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这是一种神人或圣人才具有的超验智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它是通过发明本心而体察万物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">其对于本心的发明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">也就是自身德性的流溢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">是为“仁”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">对于物的体察</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就是自身的理性与物性的交感</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">是为“知”。在这种超验智慧中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">德性的品质和知识的能力都出于人的天赋秉性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">理性与德性都同于天道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并且德性成为了知识的基点。而作为超越性的“诚之者”则同于孔子所言“学而知之者”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">即由学而知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由知入智</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由智化德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这也就是常人的知识与德性不断提升并获得德性智慧的过程。在儒家思想中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这种超越性的德性智慧表征着人的生成性与未竞性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">它虽然也设定了人之秉性与万物之性潜在一体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">但这种一体性在常人那里往往是处于遮蔽状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">要不断地通过对万物及他人的认知与感化来澄明人的德性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并开显人与世界的内在关联。在这一德性的超越之途中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">“诚意”就自然地将“格物致知”与“正心、明德”涵容为一体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">格物致知就是通过格物穷理而知物性之善</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">由于物性与人性“诚明”互通</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">关于物性之善与世界的合理结构的知识</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就自然转化为关于人性之善与身心和谐的德性智慧。并且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">这种超越性的德性智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">在具体的生活情境中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">通过运用善的直觉和道德的经验把握到行为的中道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从而外化为具体的生活智慧和实践智慧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">三 在具体的道德实践中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">可以说儒家的德性智慧是与亚里士多德的实践智慧相通的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">如孔子自谓“七十从心所欲而不逾矩”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">就向我们昭示了从容中道的实践智慧。然而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">如果深入到德性与理性及知识的关联</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">则儒家的德性智慧又涵盖有实践智慧所无法包容的命义。如亚里士多德在谈到理论智慧与实践智慧的分野时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">认为泰勒斯具有理论智慧而不具有德性智慧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">伯利克里则刚好与之相反。他这是通过极端的例证来说明理论智慧与实践智慧在超越现实生活与面向现实生活方面的根本区分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">并由此证明德性与理性难以在现实中统一。但用这一观点来评价孔子和孟子则会产生难题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">孔孟正是以一种圆融的德性智慧将理论智慧与实践智慧涵容一体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">从而既能够在理性中把握善的知识</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">又能够在实践中履行善的德行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\';">关于儒家德性智慧与实践智慧的分延与勾连</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-fami页:
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