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真理如风 发表于 2006-9-9 06:11

[转帖]西部:“越开发越落后”?

<p><strong><span>陈才</span><span id="zhiwu"></span> 文章来源</strong>: <span id="article_source">光明观察</span> </p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">作为全国经济社会发展格局战略性调整的西部大开发,自</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2000</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年开始实施以来至今已经</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年多了。就整体来看,西部的工业化、城镇化和市场化有了重大进展,社会面貌发生了巨大变化。然而,随着大开发的深入,西部发展的难度也在迅速加大。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">西部地区与发达地区的差距还在扩大</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">,印证了亚太博宇分析机构去年的预测,令人再一次想起复旦大学教授张军在《还我</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">西部</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">》一文中的警告。</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">张军的担忧是在西部大开发战略实施的第一年提出的。当时他认为,西部并非</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">开发不足</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">,而是</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">开发过度</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">,只不过这种</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">开发</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">的毛病就在于</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">一窝蜂</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">、</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">低水平重复</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">,所以应该换种思路考虑</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">西部开发</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">的战略。在文中他指出,</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">开发西部的战略有可能只会强化那种传统的资金加项目式的发展地方经济的意识,这是很危险的一种倾向。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">如今看来,这样的担心并非多余,而现状也的确是朝着他的这种担心发展的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">在</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2002</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年前后,经济学家林毅夫和杨小凯有过一场关于</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">后发优势</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">和</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">后发劣势</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">熟是熟非的论争。综合比照来看,西部大开发战略是一个追赶战略,西部发展既有后发优势,又有后发劣势。东部的先行发展,为西部开发提供了有力的经济支持和丰富的发展经验,但同时,也把中国经济推向了新的阶段</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">——</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">它需要的是全面协调可持续的发展</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">——</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">这意味着一些原始的发展模式不能再重复,粗放的增长方式必须要淘汰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">但在过去的</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">年中,粗放的增长方式在西部地区并没有得到改善,更甚至,一些在东部地区已经被逐步淘汰的增长方式,却在西部找到了新的市场。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">三农</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">问题专家李昌平曾讲过一个例子:贵州毕节地区的一个乡开发了很多矿藏,每天运出去的矿值约</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">40</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">万元,开矿的是浙江、四川、云南的</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">大老板</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">,他们每年给乡政府提供的税收不足</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">万元,但来来往往的运矿车辆给路面损坏带来的维修金却高达</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">150</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">万元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">回顾历史,西部地区曾经靠政府的计划性配置资源而取得与东部相近的经济发展水平。但在改革开放以后,改革开放的初始条件、生产力的特定布局这些客观条件以及自然经济与计划经济的思想观念等主观条件都直接或间接的导致西部地区发展滞后。在这一期间西部并不是没有发展机会,而是其内部的创新机制没有启动,即使有机会有支援有帮助,也无法利用。东西部差距进一步扩大,说明</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">后发劣势</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">”</span><font face="宋体"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;">的影响还是相当大的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><p></p></span></font></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">推进西部开发的一个重要目标就是缩小差距,促进公平。西部开发首先就面临如何处理公平与效率的问题。笔者认为,对于西部脆弱的自然环境与其说要开发利用,不如说是要保护;至于矿藏资源的开采也应注意是否值得的问题;基础设施的投资和建设对</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">GDP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial;"><font face="宋体">的拉动是非常明显的,但当前要谨防过度投资的问题;惟一没有风险的是大力发展科技和教育,这是目前最迫切需要发展的任务,也是整个西部开发战略的希望所系。</font></span><span></span></p>
[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被李大苗于2006-9-9 0:25:26编辑过][/color][/align]

真理如风 发表于 2006-9-9 06:21

<p>强烈要求管理员整整这个问题,编辑不掉多余的字呀!</p><p>我弄了N遍了</p>[em16][em16][em16][em16][em16][em16][em16][em16]

李大苗 发表于 2006-9-9 08:27

<p>西部的资源无力养育这么多的人口,西部的发展唯一可行的方式就是将过密的人口迁徙出去。</p>

章启晔 发表于 2006-9-11 07:17

真聪明,迁到哪里去?美国?

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