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金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:26

[转帖]“封建地主经济”质疑

<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:黑体"><font face="宋体"><font size="5">“封建地主经济”质疑<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312"></span>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">叶文宪<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">(苏州科技学院历史与社会学系<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>江苏苏州<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>215009</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 12.5pt 0pt 10.45pt;tab-stops:446.25pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:1.04gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-para-margin-left:.87gd;mso-line-height-alt:0pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">【</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:黑体">摘<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span></span>要</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">】</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">所谓</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">封建地主经济”是一个虚拟的概念,既不符合事实,又不合乎逻辑,根本不能成立。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312;mso-hansi-font-family:宋体">“封建”是政治制度而不是经济制度;</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">土地私有化造就的是自耕农,自耕农本身就是占有土地的“业主”,土地经过市场运作而集中才产生所谓的“地主”;中国古代的经济形态的一个由多种经济成分构成的复杂的“魔方”,官民矛盾才是中国古代社会的主要矛盾。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 44.3pt 0pt 10.45pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:3.69gd;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-para-margin-left:.87gd;mso-line-height-alt:0pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">【</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:黑体">关键词</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">】</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:楷体_gb2312">封建<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>地主<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>农民<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>经济形态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:楷体_gb2312;mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:宋体"><font size="3">长期以来,人们一直以为自从井田制瓦解、“令黔首自实田”以后,土地实现了私有化,新兴的地主阶级成长起来,中国的经济形态转变为“封建地主经济”。“封建地主经济”的基本特点就是:“占人口少数的地主占有大多数的土地”、“地主残酷剥削农民”、“皇帝是地主阶级的总代表”、“农民发动起义推翻地主阶级的统治”云云。所有这些观点都是误解。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:黑体;mso-hansi-font-family:宋体">一.“封建”是政治制度而不是经济制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:宋体"><font size="3">中国先秦时代通过分封制建立诸侯国的目的是为了“封建亲戚,以藩屏周”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[1]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font size="3">,这是“小邦周”在征服了“大邦殷”以后周人实行的一种“武装部落殖民”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[2]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font size="3">的政治制度,在经济上周人是通过“授民授疆土”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[3]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font size="3">实行的井田制。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><font size="3"><span style="font-family:宋体">欧洲中世纪的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">feudalism</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">也是蛮族入侵后通过分封领地建立“封主-封臣”的人身依附关系,在政治上国家权力分散,诸侯在领地内拥有世袭的军事、政治、司法、财政等各种权力,在经济上实行的是自产自销、自给自足的庄园经济。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1026" wrapcoords="-159 0 -159 21420 21600 21420 21600 0 -159 0" type="#_x0000_t75" style="margin-top:104.95pt;z-index:-2;left:0px;margin-left:341.25pt;width:101.75pt;position:static;height:89.95pt;text-align:left"><font size="3"><imagedata src="&amp;#102;ile:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" otitle=""></imagedata><wrap type="tight"></wrap></font></shape><font size="3"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">由于中国的“封建制”和欧洲的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">feudalism</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">在政治上十分相象,因此当</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">feudalism</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">被翻译成“封建”以后能够被大家长期接受,然而由于中国的井田制和欧洲的庄园制在经济上大相径庭,因此从来没有人把井田制和庄园制对等起来说它们是“封建”的经济制度。所以,只有东西方类似的“封建”政治制度,而没有东西方一致的“封建”经济制度。</span><span style="font-family:宋体">然而“五形态论”为了要把中国的商周时代说成是奴隶社会并把从秦到清说成是封建社会,不惜削足适履、指鹿为马硬把</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">井田制说成是奴隶制的土地制度,但是庄园制在中国既不发达也不普遍,于是就凭空捏造出了一个“封建地主制”</span></font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[4]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"><font size="3">。把地主剥削农民说成是“封建地主经济”,乍看好象不错,实则大谬特谬。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:26.15pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.18"><font size="3"><span style="font-family:宋体">“五形态论”秉承阶级与阶级斗争学说,把中国古代的阶级关系说成是</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">地主剥削压迫农民,并把农民阶级再分为自耕农和佃农雇农两个阶层。这一阶级关系可以用图一来表示:</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:26.15pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.18"><font size="3"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"></span></font>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:26.15pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.18"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"></span>&nbsp;</p>

金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:29

<p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6585[/IMG]</p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"><font size="3">可是图一中的农民并不是一个实实在在的阶级,而是一个抽象的概念,事实上并没有什么虚拟的“农民”,而只有具体的有地的自耕农和无地的佃农雇农,他们和地主之间的关系应该用图二来表示:</font></span></p>

金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:30

<p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6587[/IMG]</p><p><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"><font size="3">地主和自耕农都属于有产阶级,他们的区别只在于占有土地的多少不同而已。“农民”若是指“务农之民”,则自耕农是小农而地主是“大农”,地主虽然不亲自耕种田地,但是他们在经营管理田地,不妨称之为“自营农”;“地主”若是指“有地之主”,则地主有大地主、小地主之分而自耕农是“微型地主”。自耕农并不是地主剥削压迫的对象,但却是地主兼并土地的对象。自耕农和地主是一根藤上的两只瓜,他们共同瓜分着有限的土地资源,通过买卖(当然也不乏巧取豪夺)进行土地的再分配,他们之间的矛盾斗争来自于竞争有限的土地资源而不是因为剥削与压迫。</font></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">受地主剥削压迫的是佃农和雇农。他们没有土地,是无产阶级,但是有职业、能生存。他们和地主既是剥削压迫与被剥削被压迫的关系,又是相互依存的关系,还常常有着同姓本家的血缘关系。魏晋乱世在地主庄园和豪强坞堡中这种依存关系显得尤为突出和重要,因为孤立无援的自耕农极易死于战乱,而结坞自保的依附民则比较容易保全性命。当豪强大族武装起事之时,他们的亲兵部曲也主要是由依附于他们的农民构成的。</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">真正成为社会动乱根源的并不是无产有业的佃农雇农,更不是有产有业的自耕农,而是无产无业的流民。流民主要来自于破产的自耕农,他们既没有地,也不务农,他们其实已经不再是农民,而且也不构成一个为阶级,他们是被排挤出社会阶级的弃儿,他们才是造反、作乱、起义的主力。可是怎么给他们定性呢?是“封建流民”还是“反封建流民”呢?</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">中国自古以来是一个农业国,人口的主体是农民,而农民的主体是自耕农,也就是所谓的小农。虽然自耕农的数量及其在总人口中的比例在史书中并没有具体的统计数字,但是我们可以通过历代政府统计的人口、土地数字来进行推算。</font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt"><font size="3">表一<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>历代人口、田地统计表</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[5]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:0pt">注<span lang="EN-US">:</span>本表所用之亩为古亩,折算率<a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[6]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:0pt"></span>&nbsp;</p>

金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:31

<p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6588[/IMG]</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt"></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt"><font size="3">表一是大一统时期的人、户和田地数字,分裂割据时期因为政局动荡,缺乏田地统计数字,所以表二只有人口和户数。从这两张统计表中可以看出这样几个问题:<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">.三国魏晋南北朝时期人户数字锐减的原因往往被认为是战乱导致人口死亡,其实主要是因为这一时期大地主庄园十分发达,庄园里隐匿了大量的人口,所以政府掌握控制的人口就少了。只要看看从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1900</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1949</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年这战乱不已的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年间中国人口净增</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">千万这一事实就可以知道,历史上政府统计人口数字减少并不是因为战乱死人太多的缘故。另外寺院经济的过度发展也会导致政府掌控人口的减少,所以这一时期的政府会屡屡发起灭佛运动——“三武之厄”。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">.不管政府掌控的人口多少,户均人数都在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">-</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">人左右。这种“一夫挟五口”的家庭形式正是典型的小农。</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:24pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">.文献记载标准的户均占地数为“一夫百亩”,表一所显示的户均占地亩数虽然大多数没有达到这个标准,但是和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1928</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年李景汉先生在河北定县做的调查</span></font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[8]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'"><font size="3">所得出的结论却相差并不大:</font></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">表三<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>定县<span lang="EN-US">515</span>家每户自有田地亩数和户均人数统计表</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3"></font>&nbsp;</p>

金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:32

<p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6590[/IMG]</p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">以上四张表有力地证明,中国社会的结构两千多年来一直是稳定地由众多的自耕农组成的,地主并不是社会结构中的主要成分,根本不存在“占人口少数的地主占有绝大多数的土地”和“地主与农民的矛盾是社会主要矛盾”的情况。李根蟠先生所谓的“封建地主制”纯属向壁虚构,根本就不存在。</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3"></font>&nbsp;</p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:黑体">二.土地私有化造就的是自耕农而不是地主<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">春秋战国时代是中国社会的转型期,这一时期社会格局发生了极其重大的变化</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[9]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">,其中一个变化就是随着井田制的瓦解,各国先后进行了一系列赋税制度的改革,从齐国的“相地而衰征”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[10]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">,到晋国的“作爰田”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[11]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">、鲁国的“初税亩”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[12]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">、楚国的“量入修赋”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[13]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">、秦国的“初租禾”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[14]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">,各国普遍都实行了“履亩而税”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[15]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>的制度。在实行井田制的时代,公田的收入是归贵族所有的,而天子除了王畿的公田收入之外就只能从贵族那里得到一点贡赋,他们的收入不会比贵族多得太多;而现在每一亩田地的赋税都流入了国君的腰包,然后再以俸禄的形式分配给作为官僚的贵族,这样就大大削弱了封建贵族的力量,大大加强了专制国君的实力。战国时期各国的变法又废除了世卿世禄制,进一步从政治上强化了这个趋势,所以变法遭到了贵族的殊死反抗,吴起、商鞅因此都死于非命。</font></font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">孔子所说的“礼崩乐坏”是指天子与诸侯、诸侯与卿大夫地位的逆转,之所以会出现“礼乐征伐自诸侯出”甚至“陪臣执国命”的现象,是因为诸侯和卿大夫有雄厚的经济实力作后盾,而他们的经济收入就来自于小农交纳的赋税。因此“令黔首自实田”,通过授田制、假田制、王田制、屯田制、占田制、均田制等各种各样的土地制度扶植自耕农就成为帝国的基本国策,皇帝的经济基础就是这些缴纳赋税的自耕农或者说是占有小块土地的自耕农,而不是占有大片土地的地主。</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">马克思、恩格斯指出,“亚细亚形态”最大的特点是“不存在土地私有制”</font><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"><font color="#336699">[16]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><font face="宋体" size="3">。对于这句话人们往往感到难以理解。他们总是以为实现土地私有化就是培养造就了地主,实际上“开阡陌、坏井田”、“令黔首自实田”以后所造就的是自<span style="mso-hansi-font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt">耕农,自耕农本身就是占有土地的地主,或者为了区别我们可以称其为“业主”。中国</span>的土地私有化并不是西方社会那种“所有者可以处分土地”的完全的私有制,中国土地私有的前提是承认“普天之下莫非王土”,以皇帝为代表的国家是全国土地的最高所有者。正因为自耕农所有的土地是国家授予的,所以他们不仅要向国家交纳田赋、口税、户捐,而且要为国家服劳役、兵役、差遣。这在西方人看来是一种“超经济强制”,而中国却是天经地义的事情。通过“令黔首自实田”扶植自耕农,实际上是使原来在井田上依附于贵族的农民变成了在私田上依附于国家的农民。</font></p><p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa">由于国家的开支、皇帝全家以及全体官僚的花销都出于自耕农缴纳的赋税,因此如果皇帝好事兴作、官吏贪污腐化、国家内忧外患,那么就要加重自耕农赋税徭役的负担,其结果就会导致自耕农破产。即使政治清平,那么因为自耕农自身力量弱小,所以一旦遇到天灾人祸例如疾病缠身也会导致倾家荡产。自耕农破产以后最终的求生手段就是出卖赖以生存的土地,这样</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa">经过市场运作而集中才产生了所谓的“地主”,</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa">“田连阡陌”的大地主就是这样通过土地的买卖和商贾的积聚产生的。当然通过政治的途径例如赏赐军功和武力侵夺也可以形成这样的大地主。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3"> </font></p><p><font face="宋体" size="3"><hr align="left" width="33%" size="1" /></font></p><hr align="left" width="33%" size="1" /><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[1]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《左传·僖公二十四年》</span></p></div><div id="ftn2" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[2]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">郭沫若:《中国古代社会研究》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.237</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,人民出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1964</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div><div id="ftn3" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[3]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">大盂鼎铭文</span></p></div><div id="ftn4" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[4]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体">李根蟠:</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《中国“封建”概念的演变及封建地主制理论的形成》,《历史研究》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2004</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">期</span></p></div><div id="ftn5" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[5]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体">根据梁方仲:《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.4-11</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体">上海人民出版社</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div><div id="ftn6" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[6]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体">根据吴慧:《中国历代粮食亩产研究》<span lang="EN-US">,</span>农业出版</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">社</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1985</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div><div id="ftn7" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[7]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">根据梁方仲:《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.4-6</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">上海人民</span><span style="font-family:宋体">出版社</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1980</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div><div id="ftn8" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[8]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">根据</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">李景汉《定县社会概况调查》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.141</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.142</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.151</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">编制</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,上海人民出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2005</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年再版</span></p></div><div id="ftn9" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[9]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">请参见拙文:《论春秋战国时期我国社会的变化与转型》,《史学月刊》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2001</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">期</span></p></div><div id="ftn10" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[10]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《国语·齐语》</span></p></div><div id="ftn11" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[11]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《左传·僖公十五年》</span></p></div><div id="ftn12" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[12]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《左传·宣公十五年》</span></p></div><div id="ftn13" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[13]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《左传·襄公二十五年》</span></p></div><div id="ftn14" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[14]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《史记·六国年表》</span></p></div><div id="ftn15" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[15]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">《公羊传·宣公十五年》</span></p></div><div id="ftn16" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[16]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">马克思:《致恩格斯》(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1853.6.2</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">),《马克思恩格斯全集》第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">卷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.256</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,人民出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:9pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">恩格斯:《致马克思》(</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1853.6.6</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">),《马克思恩格斯全集》第</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">卷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.260</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,人民出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div><p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa">土地的集中可以形成集约化经营的庄园,这样可以提高农业生产的效率,但是同时也会造成社会的动荡不安,还会严重地影响国家的财政收入,而且富可敌国的地主豪强会成为执政者的竞争对手,所以负责任的政府官员对于出现“贫者无立锥之地”的土地兼并现象总是忧心忡忡,所以强有力的皇帝总是要重拳出击打压豪强。赵俪生先生指出秦汉时期土地是以图三的方式在流动的</span><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[1]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa">,这是极有见地的。</span><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3"> </font></p>

金丝铁线 发表于 2007-7-26 17:34

<p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6592[/IMG]</p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;tab-stops:441.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">在从秦到清的两千年间,中国的经济形态从来也不是一个简单的 “地主经济”,更不是象欧洲<span lang="EN-US">feudalism</span>那样的“庄园经济”,而是一个由多种经济成分和多种经济形态构成的复杂系统,这个系统可以用这样一个“魔方”来表示(图五)。这个复杂的经济系统和“封建”无关,无论所有制和生产方式,还是经济形态和阶级成分,都与“封建”毫无关系。</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" align="center" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;text-indent:0cm;text-align:center;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:黑体">三.官民矛盾才是中国古代社会的主要矛盾<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">常常有人把皇帝说成是地主阶级的总代表,这又是在阶级与阶级斗争学说的指导下不从事实出发而只是从概念出发得出的误解。如果佃农雇农因为地主剥削压迫过甚而起来造反的话,那么怨有头债有主,他们应该去杀地主,而不应该去反官府。如果自耕农因为破产而铤而走险的话,那么只能是因为政府的赋税徭役太重而不会是因为地主剥削压迫过甚。实际上对于政府而言,地主和农民一样都是编户齐民,他们都是老百姓,他们与政府之间存在着相同的利益冲突,所以我们发现历史上所谓的“农民起义”没有一次是纯粹的“农民”的起义,如果不是由地主或地主阶级知识分子领导起义,也是由地主或地主阶级知识分子以军师、谋臣的身份在指导着起义。古人在讲到起义造反的时候总是说“官逼民反”,只有现代人才说地主压迫农民,中国古代社会的利益冲突和矛盾斗争应该如图四所示,主要的矛盾是官民矛盾,而不是阶级矛盾。</font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="margin-top:-35pt;z-index:1;left:0px;margin-left:5.25pt;width:10pt;position:static;height:10pt;text-align:left"><font size="3"><font face="宋体"><imagedata src="&amp;#102;ile:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" otitle=""></imagedata><wrap type="square"></wrap></font></font></shape><font face="宋体" size="3">没有人把自耕农叫做“封建农民”,更没有人把佃农、雇农叫做“封建农民”,可是为什么把地主叫做“封建地主”呢?难道他们不是一对矛盾吗?如果没有“封建农民”,哪来“封建地主”呢?把地主叫做“封建地主”是毫无道理的,因为地主既不是皇帝“封”的,也不是政府“建”的,作为土地的所有者,他们和自耕农一样。他们占有的土地主要是通过买卖积累起来的,这是市场运作的结果,凭什么叫他们是“封建地主”呢?至于皇帝,他是凭武力打天下登上龙座的,而官员是皇帝委任的,他们就更不是“封建”的了。</font></p><p>[IMG]http://economy.guoxue.com/showimg.php?iid=6594[/IMG]</p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;mso-line-height-alt:10.0pt"><font face="宋体" size="3">关于中国古代经济形态的问题是一个非常值得研究的问题,澄清这个问题具有极其重要的意义。</font></p><div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br clear="all" /><font face="宋体, MS Song" size="3"><hr align="left" width="33%" size="1" /></font><div id="ftn1" style="mso-element:footnote"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt"><a title="" href="http://economy.guoxue.com/admin/article.php?action=add#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'times new roman';mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体"><font color="#336699">[1]</font></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">赵俪生:《中国土地制度史》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P.71</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">,齐鲁书社,</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1984</font></span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman';mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span></p></div></div>

吴洪森 发表于 2007-7-26 17:46

钱穆早就说过中国传统社会是以自耕农为主体的小农经济社会,也就是男耕女织型的社会

混沌 发表于 2007-7-28 02:24

<p>不同年代,不同地区,地主 自耕农 佃户比例是完全不同的.文中举河北定县的图表.可以看出社会学的脑子少根筋.二十年代的河北是中国土地分配最均等的地区,有70%以上的自耕农.而同时代的湖南只有不到20%的自耕农.</p><p>当官发财了去买地,地多了儿孙去读书当官.还可以保证地租少交税.官僚和地主本来就是一条裤子二条腿.</p><p>还都是老百姓呢,谁地种的好能种出万亩良田来.</p>

老木匠 发表于 2007-7-28 13:34

<p>这个是俺这位老同学在80年代初构思的,针对的是大学时代学习的那一堆阶级斗争历史观八股经。写完后一直没有发表,90年代他为了学校的创收,暂别学术领域。到了新世纪,才逐步将原来的一些成果陆续补充发表。现在的年轻读者可能会有点隔膜。</p><p>老叶长于辩驳,大学时代(实际上是在他插队的时期)全面批驳艾思奇的哲学,有厚厚的笔记一堆。上马哲拒绝听课、拒绝考试,惹出一场事。到了新世纪,他这堆笔记才形成一本书《新观念哲学》,可惜知道的人不多,而现在的读者也因为不知他所针对的批驳对象,没有很大的兴趣。</p><p><font size="2"><font color="#cc0033">新概念哲学</font>. 作者:<font color="#cc0033">叶文宪</font>著 出版社:学林出版社 出版日期:2004年6月 版次:1 ISBN:780668719 页数:326 开本:32开包装:平装 原价:¥19.0</font></p><p><font size="2"><font color="#cc0033">叶文宪</font>,男,1948年出生,历史学教授。1982年1月毕业于华东师范大学历史系获学士学位。<wbr></wbr>现任教育系主任,党总支书记,兼任高教研究所所长和中国先秦史学会理事。</font></p>

老木匠 发表于 2007-7-28 13:45

<table cellspacing="1" bordercolordark="#ffffff" width="100%" bordercolorlight="#c0c0c0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2">  1982年毕业于上海华东师范大学历史系,获学士学位。2001年晋升为教授。从教25年来一直从事中国古代史、吴文化史和史学理论的教学与研究,现为中国先秦史学会理事。<br />  主要研究方向:区域社会文化史,兼及史学理论与中国古代宏观社会史研究。<br />  25年来先后出版了《吴地古战场》、《吴国史》、《趣味考古》、《新概念哲学》、《重新解读中国》等5部著作,总共发表84篇史学论文和13篇教研论文,2002年获得“江苏省教育科研先进个人奖”和“江苏省高校多媒体教学课件竞赛好课件奖”,2004年获得“江苏省师德先进个人”,并先后三次获得苏州市哲学社会科学优秀成果一等奖和三等奖。主讲的“中国古代史”课程在2006年被评为院级一类精品课程。目前正参加国家社科基金重大项目《全面建设小康社会阶段政治文明建设研究》的工作,担任其中一个子课题——“中国传统文化与现代政治文明”的研究。<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p align="center"></p><center><br /></center>

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