[转帖] Amenhotp：大流士大王的贝希斯敦铭文

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[旧作·翻译作品]大流士大王的贝希斯敦铭文

本文来自: 小隐在线历史论坛 作者: Amenhotp 日期: 2008-3-13 08:52 阅读: 1945 人 收藏

作品, 铭文, 大王, 贝希斯, 旧作

贝希斯敦铭文简图 The Instruction of Behistun Inscription(Abstract) 贝希斯敦铭文1907年英文版说明摘要 GHOST OF DARIUS Great deeds have they achieved, and memorable/ For ages: never hath this wasted state/ Suffer'd such ruin, since heaven's awful king/ Gave to one lord Asia's extended plains/ White with innumerous flocks, and to his hands/ Consign'd the imperial sceptre. Her brave hosts/ A Mede first led; the virtues of his son/ Fix'd firm the empire, for his temperate soul/ Breathed prudence. Cyrus next, by fortune graced,/ Adorn'd the throne, and bless'd his grateful friends/ With peace: he to his mighty monarchy/ Join'd Lydia, and the Phrygians; to his power/ Ionia bent reluctant; but the gods/ His son then wore the regal diadem./ With victory his gentle virtues crown'd/ His son then wore the regal diadem./ Next to disgrace his country, and to stain/ The splendid glories of this ancient throne,/ Rose Mardus: him, with righteous vengeance fired/ Artaphernes, and his confederate chiefs/ Crush'd in his palace: Maraphis assumed/ The sceptre: after him Artaphernes./ Me next to this exalted eminence,/ Crowning my great ambition, Fortune raised./ In many a glorious field my glittering spear/ Flamed in the van of Persia's numerous hosts;/ But never wrought such ruin to the state./ Xerxes, my son, in all the pride of youth/ Listens to youthful counsels, my commands/ No more remember'd; hence, my hoary friends,/ Not the whole line of Persia's sceptred lords,/ You know it well, so wasted her brave sons. ——Aeschylus: The Persian,line 751-782 在我的案头，摊开着两本书，两本都是古希腊大家留给后人的名著：希罗多德的《历史》和埃斯库罗斯的《悲剧集》。题头的一段韵文，就是埃斯库罗斯的作品《波斯人》中大流士之魂在他的故宫中所回忆的一段波斯历史的王表。当然作为一个历史爱好者我更喜欢的是希罗多德的作品——带着一点幽默，想象中的老希应该像个冬夜里讲故事的白胡子老头——在他的《历史》第三卷里第60～89节，他给我们讲述了一个极具今日好莱坞大片风格的故事——薛西斯兄弟的谋杀，穆护僧人的篡国，薛西斯的神秘死亡，冒名者被发现，七贵族集团的组成，大流士建功……一气呵成，看得让人紧张地都透不过气来——可是这个故事可信吗？不可否认，在我22岁上第一次读《历史》的时候，我是完全相信这个故事的——希罗多德，牛人哪！历史之父呐！不信他，你还信谁去？ 后来看得多了，我倒是越来越怀疑了，他的故事讲的太玄了，像武侠书啊！虽然大流士后来当了波斯大王成为一代明主没错，可他的发迹史有这么激动人心吗？疑惑……直到看过有关的网站，介绍了大流士王的贝希斯敦铭文，才知道原来他的故事这么富有传奇性呐……赶紧回来找中文资料看！我才读到下面的一段故事： ……横穿伊朗西部高高的库赫鲁德山脉，有一条沿着从米底古都，有着七重城墙的厄克巴塔纳，通往上古中东文明的明珠巴比伦城的商道，在距厄克巴塔纳（今日的哈马丹）以西约65英里，距克尔曼沙赫（Kermanshah,奇怪的，我的地图上标为巴赫塔兰）以东约30英里处的某个名叫Bisutun或Bisitun的小村边上，距地面高约105米的绝壁悬崖上，就铭刻着大流士王的这篇不朽的纪念碑文。当初大流士王选择这里作为铭文的雕刻所，是因为这里有三个得天独厚的条件：这里是交通要道，贝希斯敦山崖控制着克尔曼沙赫往东的必经之路，从米底通往巴比伦的商道在古代在此通过；第二，这片山崖之下有一眼终年不竭的清泉，自古以来就成为过往行旅的歇脚打尖之地，人们在少事休息之时一抬头就会看见山崖上的铭文。第三点，也是大流士最在意的一点，这里的山崖险峻之极，人迹极难到达，因此也就不会有人破坏这个重要的文件。这眼泉水使得这个地点在商客和行人中变得如此有名，使得它的名字在迪奥多卢斯·斯库卢斯在他的伊朗史中都有提到，相应的希腊语字母是“tau-omicron beta-alpha-gamma-iota-sigma-tau-alpha-nu-omicron-nu omicron-rho-omicron-sigma”发音大致为“to bagistanon oros”也就是“Bagastana/Bagistana”，意思是“诸神停留之地”[见下边的地图]。这片受到诸神祝福的地方在大流士的帝国破灭以后几乎就再无人提起，那篇内容震烁古今的铭文更是被诸神与众人所遗忘。实际上自17世纪这块碑文被欧洲派往伊朗的使节重新发现以后的数年间，人们苦于无法得到其拓片而无法研究其内容。1835年，大英帝国的势力正如日中天，根据一项协议，一小拨驻守印度的皇家军官被派来伊朗，训练军队。其中有一位中尉，名叫亨利·克莱思维克·劳林森(Henry Creswicke Rawlinson)凑巧被派往克尔曼沙赫的总督身边作为军事顾问。这位中尉并不是19世纪的腓特烈，对于训练军队不是很感兴趣。凑巧，他在印度的时候与当地的波斯教徒有过接触，懂波斯文，也见识过《阿维斯塔》，此后在从德黑兰前往克尔曼沙赫的旅程上又见识过路边上厄克巴塔纳的遗迹，反正他能认出来Darius用古波斯文怎么写。^_^，真是凑巧之极，他在途中的休息处想必是看到了摩崖石刻了，此后他在克尔曼沙赫逗留期间主要的精力就是——获得铭文拓片和破解铭文。为此他几乎将命送掉，1844年的一次攀登使得他差点从百余米高的岩壁上摔下来。此后直到1852年，几乎全靠劳林森的努力，现代学者才终于有了一份完整可靠的铭文拓片。 可以见到，铭文的中心是阿胡拉马兹达，大流士及其两个侍从与被其征服的九个叛王加一个后补的西徐亚人的浮雕群像。围绕着这组雕像，是用古波斯语、埃兰语（或称苏撒语，这是阿黑美尼德帝国的公务语言）以及阿卡德语（或称巴比伦语，这是中东当时的国际流行语言）书写凿刻的铭文。浮雕正下方，是用古波斯语书写的铭文，4栏449行，第5栏为后期所加。浮雕左侧，在一块凸出的岩石上是两栏141行的阿卡德语铭文。浮雕左下方为埃兰文铭文，3栏650行。浮雕右侧的埃兰文铭文内容刻于增补西徐亚人思昆哈雕像之前，因此被挖掉一部分，内容被风化的很厉害，基本上看不出。 1846年以后，主要靠自己的努力，并且参考了德国学者格洛滕芬德的研究成果，劳林森得出了铭文的英译本，在欧洲发表后引起了轰动，亚叙学因之建立。此后学者们加班加点，努力掌握埃兰语和阿卡德语，终于使我们能读懂大流士大王的这篇政治宣言。 它告诉我们的是一个与希罗多德版本又像又不像的东西: 下面的翻译是根据L.W. King与 R.C. Thompson两先生在1907年的伦敦出版的《大流士大王波斯贝希斯敦摩崖石刻与铭文》一书中发表的，某些细节根据阿姆斯特丹的Jona Lendering的意见作了细部修改，并添加了各节之题目。译文参考了http://www.livius.org/persia.html的大量资料，中文部分，特别是有关专有名词，如人名与地名，除部分根据情况自己创造、部分依循希罗多德《历史》的译名而外，大部分是依照南昌大学李铁匠先生的《古代伊朗史料选编》和《东方文化丛书·伊朗古代历史与文化》两书的内容整理的，一并致谢！ 声明一下，我翻译这篇铭文完全是个人爱好，不很喜欢现在看到的中文译本。而且也是为了提供一个不管准确度怎样的中英对照本，方便一些专有名词的查阅。另外关于译文的文风问题，这里说两句：BC521年的时候，中国还是西周的景王年间那，中国的纪年好像是从BC495年开始的啊？那么让大流士大王一口一个我啊，吾啊的，不太合适吧？本文的英文原文，我指的是1907年版的，用的是一种类似钦定版圣经的语言，虽然看着不舒服但是我觉得应该就是这种味道。 至于为什么选寡人，我觉得这个称呼见于《左传》，算是先秦的国君常用语，比不谷，哀家什么地要好听，不用“朕”是因为大流士还不是皇帝，所以我就选择了寡人了。久羽兄推荐我使用“孤”，但我觉得单一音节发起来不如寡人舒缓，还是没改过来，在这里先致谢了！ 我的设想就是要尽量写出古文的先秦味道来。当然，自己学力所限，翻完后看看，全不是那么回事，只好自己苦笑了。 BC500左右的波斯帝国。分辨率1314*625 The Behistun Inscription 另外，上述两先生的书在下列网址： http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/296.pdf-----Table of Content&Preface http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/297.pdf-----Introduction_Part 1 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/298.pdf-----Introduction_Part 2 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/299.pdf-----List of Proper Names.PDF http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/300.pdf-----The Persian Text_Part 1 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/301.pdf-----The Persian Text_Part 2 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/302.pdf-----The Susian Version_Part 1 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/303.pdf-----The Susian Version_Part 2 http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/304.pdf-----The Babylonyan Version http://www.cwru.edu/edocs/8/305.pdf-----The Index 可以下载PDF格式的文件！ 本文中加{}的内容是根据阿卡德文补充的各次战役的斩获和俘获，由于只有阿卡德文本有此内容，故有些残缺不全，但是我想加上以后应该感觉不错的，真实感强多了！ Part one 第一部分 Introduction: Darius' titles and the extent of his empire 介绍：大流士之王号与其帝国四至 (1) I am Darius, the great king, king of kings, the king of Persia, the king of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achaemenian. 寡人大流士，伟大之王者，众王之王，波斯之王，列国之王，叙司塔司佩斯之子，阿尔沙米斯之孙，阿黑美尼之宗室。 (2) Thus said Darius, the King: My father is Hystaspes; the father of Hystaspes was Arsames; the father of Arsames was Ariaramnes; the father of Ariaramnes was Teispes; the father of Teispes was Achaemenes. 大流士王制曰：寡人之父乃叙司塔司佩斯，叙司塔司佩斯之父乃阿尔沙米斯，阿尔沙米斯之父乃阿里亚拉姆涅斯，阿里亚拉姆涅斯之父乃铁伊斯佩斯，铁伊斯佩斯之父乃阿黑美尼斯。 (3) Thus said Darius, the King: That is why we are called Achaemenians; from antiquity we have been nobel; from antiquity has our race been royal. 大流士王制曰：此即人称吾等为阿黑美尼人之缘故。寡人之族古来即为贵族，寡人之族人古来即为王者。 (4) Thus said Darius, the King: Eight of my race were kings before me; I am the ninth. Nine in succession we have been kings (or: In two lines have we been kings.) . 大流士王制曰：寡人之族，先于寡人称王者8人；寡人为第9人矣。吾等九人相继为王。(或：寡人之族人按照两支称王。)【注：此九王者：阿黑美尼斯、铁伊斯佩斯、铁伊斯佩斯之子阿里亚拉姆涅斯、铁伊斯佩斯之子居鲁士一世、阿里亚拉姆涅斯之子阿尔沙米斯（后被居鲁士二世TF）、居鲁士一世之子冈比西斯一世、冈比西斯一世之子居鲁士二世、居鲁士二世之子冈比西斯二世、叙司塔司佩斯之子大流士一世。】 (5) Thus said Darius, the King: By the grace of Ahuramazda am I king; Ahuramazda has granted me the kingdom. 大流士王制曰：赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人为王；阿胡拉马兹达授王国予寡人。 (6) Thus said Darius, the King: These are the provines[countries] which are subject unto me, and by the grace of Ahuramazda I became king of them: Persia, Elam(Susiana), Babylonia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt, the [countries by/islands of] the Sea, Sparda[Lydia], Ionia[the Greeks], Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdiana, Gandara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia and Maka; twenty-three lands in all. 大流士王制曰：列省(列国)隶属寡人，且赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人为列省(列国)之王：波斯、埃兰(苏撒亚纳)、巴比伦(尼亚)、亚述、阿拉比亚、埃及、沿海诸地（今叙利亚-巴勒斯坦之地/沿海诸岛？有争议）、斯巴达（指吕底亚首府萨迪斯Sardis/吕底亚）、爱奥尼亚[之希腊人]、米底、亚美尼亚、卡帕多西亚、帕提亚、德兰吉安纳、阿里亚、花剌子模、巴克特里亚、索格底亚纳、犍陀罗、西徐亚、撒塔巨底亚、阿拉霍西亚、马卡；计国二十又三。*(各行省地望考证另辟专文) (7) Thus said Darius, the King: These are the countries which are subject to me; by the grace of Ahuramazda they became subject to me; they brought tribute unto me. Whatsoever commands have been laid on them by me, by night or by day, have been performed by them. 大流士王制曰：以上即是属寡人之国；赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，彼等臣于寡人，彼等纳贡赋于寡人。无论寡人令彼等行无论何事，彼等不分白昼黑夜遵旨行事。 (8) Thus said Darius, the King: Within these lands, whosoever was a friend, him have I surely protected; whosoever was hostile, him have I utterly destroyed. By the grace of Ahuramazda these lands have conformed to my decrees; as it was commanded unto them by me, so was it done. 大流士王制曰：此国之内，凡寡人之友人，寡人必妥加保护之；凡心怀敌意者，寡人必诛灭根绝之。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，列国谨遵寡人的法令；凡寡人下达者，彼等俱谨遵行不误。 (9) Thus said Darius, the King: Ahuramazda has granted unto me this empire. Ahuramazda brought me help, until I gained this empire; by the grace of Ahuramazda do I hold this empire. 大流士王制曰：阿胡拉马兹达将此帝国授予寡人。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人予援助，直至寡人占有此帝国。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人保有此帝国。 Murder of Smerdis and coup of Gaumata the Magian 司美尔迪斯之伏诛及高墨达之乱 (10) Thus said Darius, the King: The following is what was done by me after I became king. A son of Cyrus, named Cambyses, one of our race, was king here before me. That Cambyses had a brother, Smerdis(Persian: Bardiya) by name, of the same mother and the same father as Cambyses. Afterwards, Cambyses slew this Smerdis. When Cambyses slew Smerdis, it was not known unto the people that Smerdis was slain. Thereupon Cambyses went to Egypt. When Cambyses had departed into Egypt, the people became hostile, and the lie multiplied in the land, even in Persia and Media, and in the other provinces. 大流士王制曰：下述即寡人继位后所所为。寡人之族人，居鲁士有子名冈比西斯者, 前于寡人践此王位。此冈比西斯有一兄弟，名曰司美尔迪斯（古波斯原文拼法为：巴尔迪亚），乃同父同母所生。冈比西斯诛此司美尔迪斯。方冈比西斯之诛司美尔迪斯也，国人于此并无知晓。冈比西斯遂往征埃及。及冈比西斯往埃及，国人心怀异志，国内谣言风起，遍及波斯、米底以及诸行省。 (11) Thus said Darius, the King: Afterwards, there was a certain man, a Magian, Gaumata by name, who raised a rebellion in Paishiyauvada,, in a mountain called Arakadri?;;. On the fourteenth day of the month Viyakhna [March 11, 522] did he rebel. He lied to the people, saying: 'I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, the brother of Cambyses.' Then were all the people in revolt, and from Cambyses they went over unto him, both Persia and Media, and the other provinces. He seized on the kingdom; on the ninth day of the month Garmapada [July 1, 522] he seized on the kingdom. Afterwards, Cambyses died by his own hand.* 大流士王制曰：未几，有一名曰高墨达之人，实为一穆护僧，于阿拉卡德里什山中之皮什亚乌瓦达地方起而作乱。其作乱之时为维亚赫纳月14日(BC522年3月11日)也。彼谎骗国人云：“余司美尔迪斯，乃居鲁士之子，冈比西斯之弟。”国人遂尽数从之作乱，波斯、米底、他省之国人同弃冈比西斯而投彼伪司美尔迪斯。彼得此王国。加尔马帕达月第九日(BC522年7月1日)，高墨达获此王国。后冈比西斯死于自手。*（冈比西斯之死另有详细讨论） (12) Thus said Darius, the King: The kingdom of which Gaumata, the Magian, dispossessed Cambyses, had always belonged to our race. After that Gaumata, the Magian, had dispossessed Cambyses of Persia and Media, and of the other provinces, he did according to his will. He was (as) king. 大流士王制曰：穆护高墨达篡冈比西斯而得之王国，古来即属于寡人之家族。穆护高墨达篡冈比西斯而得波斯、米底、他省之后, 彼之所为顺其心意，遂僭王号。 Darius kills Gaumata and restores the kingdom 大流士诛高墨达复国 (13) Thus said Darius, the King: There was no man, either Persian or Median or of our own race, who took the kingdom from Gaumata, the Magian. The people feared him exceedingly, for he slew many who had known the real Smerdis. For this reason did he slay them, 'that they may not know that I am not Smerdis, the son of Cyrus.' There was none who dared to say aught against Gaumata, the Magian, until I came. Then I prayed to Ahuramazda; Ahuramazda brought me help. On the tenth day of the month Bagayadish [September 29, 522] I, with a few men, slew that Gaumata, the Magian, and the chief men who were his followers. At the stronghold called Sikayauvatis, in the district called Nisaia in Media, I slew him; I dispossessed him of the kingdom. By the grace of Ahuramazda I became king; Ahuramazda granted me the kingdom. 大流士王制曰：无虑波斯、米底亦或寡人之族人，无人可从穆护高墨达之手夺回此国。盖穆护高墨达诛杀熟识真司美尔迪斯者甚众，国人尤惧之。彼以下列之故诛之：“如此则人将不知吾实非居鲁士之子赛美尔迪斯也。”高墨达之行事也, 国人三缄其口，直至寡人之来。其时，寡人祷于阿胡拉马兹达，寡人获阿胡拉马兹达之神助。维巴卡亚基什月10日(BC522年9月29日)寡人领从者数人诛除穆护高墨达及其协从之谋主。寡人诛此贼于米底行省尼赛亚之西卡亚乌瓦提什之城塞。寡人为国诛此奸贼。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，余践王祚，阿胡拉马兹达赐国予寡人。 (14) Thus said Darius, the King: The kingdom that had been wrested from our line I brought back and I reestablished it on its foundation. The temples which Gaumata, the Magian, had destroyed, I restored to the people, and the pasture lands, and the herds and the dwelling places, and the houses which Gaumata, the Magian, had taken away. I settled the people in their place, the people of Persia, and Media, and the other provinces. I restored that which had been taken away, as is was in the days of old. This did I by the grace of Ahuramazda, I labored until I had established our house in its place, as in the days of old; I labored, by the grace of Ahuramazda, so that Gaumata, the Magian, did not dispossess our house. 大流士王制曰：寡人所复者，吾族所失之国也，寡人依其原而复之。举凡穆护高墨塔所毁之庙宇，寡人为国人兴复之；举凡穆护高墨达掠夺之牧场、畜群、居所（此处英文翻译者注明不确定，泼斯原文为maniyamaca,当代学者解为奴仆，servants）、房舍，寡人为国人兴复之。寡人处波斯、米底及他省之国人归其原位。举凡被劫掠之物寡人复之一如旧日。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人行之。寡人戮力兴复本族昔日之地位；赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，于穆护高墨塔弑君篡国事，寡人竭尽所能挫彼奸谋。 (15) Thus said Darius, the King: This was what I did after I became king. 大流士王制曰：此即寡人践祚后之所为。 Rebellions of Assina of Elam and Nidintu-Bel of Babylon 埃兰之阿辛纳与巴比伦之尼丁图-贝尔之乱 (16) Thus said Darius, the King: After I had slain Gaumata, the Magian, a certain man named Assina[Atrina], the son of Upadarma, raised a rebellion in Elam, and he spoke thus unto the people of Elam: 'I am king in Elam.' Thereupon the people of Elam became rebellious, and they went over unto that Assina; he became king in Elam. And a certain Babylonian named Nidintu-Bel, the son of Kin-Zer[Aniri?], raised a rebellion in Babylon: he lied to the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did all the province of Babylonia go over to Nidintu-Bel, and Babylonia rose in rebellion. He seized on the kingdom of Babylonia [October 3, 522]. 大流士王制曰：寡人既诛穆护高墨达，有一名曰阿辛纳之人，乃乌帕达尔玛之子，作乱于埃兰。彼告埃兰国人曰：“吾乃埃兰之王。”埃兰国人遂乱，投附于彼阿辛纳。彼人遂僭号称埃兰王。复次，有一名曰尼丁图·贝尔之巴比伦人，乃金泽尔(此处波斯文含糊，据阿卡德语版本应为阿尼利)之子，作乱于巴比伦城。彼谎骗国人云：“吾乃尼布甲尼撒，纳波尼德之子。(纳波尼德：古巴比伦最后一位本地出身的统治者，阿拉米人，BC539年10月12日被俘于居鲁士二世，国灭。)”巴比伦省全数国人往投尼丁图·贝尔，巴比伦遂乱。彼竟窃据巴比伦王国。(BC522年10月3日) (17) Thus said Darius, the King: Then I sent [an army?] to Elam. That Assina was brought unto me in fetters, and I killed him. 大流士王制曰：寡人乃遣一偏师往平埃兰，缚送彼阿辛纳者于寡人，寡人斩之。 (18) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did I march against Babylon, against that Nidintu-Bel, who called himself Nebuchadnezzar. The army of Nidintu-Bel held the Tigris; there it took its stand, and on account of the waters [the river] was unfordable. Thereupon I supported my army on [inflated] skins, others I made camel-borne, for the rest I led forward horses. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda we crossed the Tigris. Then did I utterly overthrow that host of Nidintu-Bel. On the twenty-sixth day of the month Atriyadiya [December 13, 522] we joined battle. 大流士王制曰：嗣后，寡人往征巴比伦，讨伐彼自称尼布甲尼撒之尼丁图·贝尔。尼丁图·贝尔之师据底格里斯河以抗王师。此河湍险，不可涉渡。寡人遂命王师浮皮舟以济，余者或乘骆驼，或乘马直进。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师济河。寡人大破尼丁图·贝尔之众。维阿西亚迪亚月26日(BC522年12月13日)王师破尼丁图·贝尔之众于底格里斯河岸。 (19) Thus said Darius, the King: After that I marched against Babylon. But before I reached Babylon, that Nidintu-Bel, who called himself Nebuchadnezzar, came with a host and offered battle at a city called Zazana, on the Euphrates. Then we joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did I utterly overthrow the host of Nidintu-Bel. The enemy fled into the water; the water carried them away. On the second day of the month Anamaka [December 18, 522] we joined battle. 大流士王制曰：寡人遂进略巴比伦。未及，彼自称尼布甲尼撒之尼丁图·贝尔引军至幼发拉底河畔扎赞纳之邑，邀战王师。王师进讨。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人大破尼丁图·贝尔之众。贼众溃奔于川，死之。维阿纳马卡月2日(BC522年12月18日)，王师克尼丁图·贝尔之众于扎赞纳之邑。 Part two 第二部分 (20) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did Nidintu-Bel flee with a few horsemen into Babylon. Thereupon I marched to Babylon. By the grace of Ahuramazda I took Babylon, and captured Nidintu-Bel. Then I slew that Nidintu-Bel in Babylon. 大流士王制曰：尼丁图·贝尔引骑者数名往奔巴比伦。寡人乃进略巴比伦。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人克之，擒尼丁图·贝尔。寡人遂命彼弃市于巴比伦城。 (21) Thus said Darius, the King: While I was in Babylon, these provinces revolted from me: Persia, Elam, Media, Assyria, Egypt, Parthia, Margiana, Sattagydia, and Scythia. 大流士王制曰：方寡人之征巴比伦也，变乱生于下列诸省：波斯、埃兰、米底、亚述、埃及、帕提亚、马尔吉安纳(Merv) 、撒塔巨底亚、西徐亚。 Revolt of Martiya of Elam 埃兰人马尔提亚之乱 (22) Thus said Darius, the King: A certain man named Martiya, the son of Cincikhris, dwelt in a city in Persia called Kuganaka. This man revolted in Elam, and he said to the people: 'I am Ummanish, king in Elam.' 大流士王制曰：有一名曰马尔提亚之人，乃钦奇赫里什之子，曾居于波斯库干纳卡之邑，作乱于埃兰。彼告国人曰：“吾乃乌玛尼什，埃兰之王。” (23) Thus said Darius, the King: At that time, I was friendly with Elam. Then there were Elamites afraid of me, and that Martiya, who was their leader, they seized and slew. 大流士王制曰：彼时寡人方亲近埃兰。埃兰之惧寡人者捕斩其首领马尔提亚。 Revolt of Phraortes of Media 米底人弗拉欧尔铁斯之乱 (24) Thus said Darius, the King: A certain Median named Phraortes revolted in Media, and he said to the people: 'I am Khshathrita, of the family of Cyaxares.' Then did the Medians who were in the palace revolt from me and go over to Phraortes. He became king in Media. 大流士王制曰：有一名曰弗拉欧尔铁斯之米底人，彼告其国人曰：“吾乃赫沙什里塔，库阿克撒列斯(米底帝国开国之先王)之族属。”卫宫之米底军士叛寡人，投附于弗拉欧尔铁斯。彼遂僭号米底王。 (25) Thus said Darius, the King: The Persian and Median army, which was with me, was small. Yet I sent forth an[other] army. A Persian named Hydarnes, my servant, I made their leader, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that Median host which does not acknowledge me.' Then Hydarnes marched forth with the army. When he had come to Media, at a city in Media called Marush, he gave battle to the Medes. He who was chief among the Medes was not there at that time. Ahuramazda brought me help: by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly defeated that rebel host. On the twenty-seventh day of the month Anamaka [January 12, 521] the battle was fought by them. Then did my army await me in a district in Media called Kampanda, until I came into Media. 大流士王制曰：寡人麾下之波斯-米底王师甚寡，而寡人遣师往伐。寡人命寡人之小臣波斯人叙达尔涅斯为将，诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼不服王命之米底叛军！” 叙达尔涅斯挥师往征。既至米底，叙达尔涅斯战米底之众于米底马鲁什之邑。彼时米底之酋帅未临。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大败叛军。维阿纳马卡月27日(BC521年1月12日)，王师败米底叛众于马鲁什之邑。王师遂屯于米底坎帕达之地，候寡人之临。 Revolt of the Armenians 亚美尼亚之乱 (26) Thus said Darius, the King: An Armenian named Dadarshish , my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt and does not acknowledge me.' Then Dadarshish went forth. When he came into Armenia, the rebels assembled and advanced against Dadarshish to give him battle. At a place in Armenia called Zuzza they fought the battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the eighth day of the month Thuravahara [May 20, 521] the battle was fought by them. 大流士王制曰：寡人再遣寡人之小臣亚美尼亚人达达尔希什征亚美尼亚。寡人诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼背叛寡人不服王命之众！” 达达尔希什挥师往征。既至亚美尼亚，贼众聚师而前，邀战于达达尔希什。遂战于祖扎之野。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维图哈瓦哈拉月8日(BC521年5月20日)王师破叛众于祖扎之野。 (27) Thus said Darius, the King: The rebels assembled for the second time, and they advanced against Dadarshish to give him battle. At a stronghold in Armenia called Tigra they joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the eighteenth day of the month Thuravahara [May 30, 521] the battle was fought by them. {They slew five hundred and fourty-six of them, and five handred and twenty did they take alive.} 大流士王制曰：叛众复聚，再邀战于达达尔希什。遂战于亚美尼亚之提格拉堡。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维图哈瓦哈拉月18日(BC521年5月30日)王师破叛众于提格拉堡{，馘磿五百四十有六级，俘人则五百有二十夫}。 (28) Thus said Darius, the King: The rebels assembled for the third time and advanced against Dadarshish to give him battle. At a stronghold in Armenia called Uyama they joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the ninth day of the month Thaigarcish [June 20, 521] the battle was fought by them. Then Dadarshish waited for me in Armenia, until I came into Armenia. 大流士王制曰：叛众复聚者三，邀战于达达尔希什。遂战于亚美尼亚之乌亚玛堡。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维泰卡尔奇什月9日(BC521年6月20日)王师破叛众于乌亚玛堡。王师乃屯于亚美尼亚，候寡人之临。 (29) Thus said Darius, the King: A Persian named Vaumisa, my servant, I sent into Armenia, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt, and does not acknowledge me.' Then Vaumisa went forth. When he had come to Armenia, the rebels assembled and advanced against Vaumisa to give him battle. At a place in Assyria called Izala they joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the fifteenth day of the month Anamaka [December 31, 522] the battle was fought by them. {They slew two thousand and four and twenty of them.} 大流士王制曰：寡人遣寡人之小臣波斯人瓦乌米萨征亚美尼亚。寡人诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼背叛寡人不服王命之众！” 瓦乌米萨挥师往征。既至亚美尼亚，贼众聚师而前，邀战于瓦乌米萨。遂战于亚述之伊扎拉之野。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维阿纳马卡月15日(BC522年12月31日)王师破叛众于伊扎拉之野{，馘磿二千二十有四级}。 (30) Thus said Darius, the King: The rebels assembled a second time and advanced against Vaumisa to give him battle. At a place in Armenia called Autiyara they joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. At the end of the month Thuravahara [June 11, 521] the battle was fought by them. { They slew two thousand and forty and five of them, and they took one thousand five handred and eight and fifty alive.}Then Vaumisa waited for me in Armenia, until I came into Armenia. 大流士王制曰：贼众复聚，邀战于瓦乌米萨。遂战于亚美尼亚之阿胡提亚拉之野。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维图哈瓦哈拉月底(BC521年6月11日)王师破叛众于阿胡提亚拉之野{，馘磿二千四十有五级，俘人千五百五十有八夫}。王师乃屯于亚美尼亚，候寡人之临。 End of the revolt of the Medes 米底叛乱之终结 (31) Thus said Darius, the King: Then I went forth from Babylon and came into Media. When I had come to Media, that Phraortes, who called himself king in Media, came against me unto a city in Media called Kundurush to offer battle. Then we joined battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda did my army utterly overthrow that rebel host. On the twenty-fifth day of the month Adukanisha we fought the battle [521, May 8]. 大流士王制曰：寡人乃出巴比伦至于米底。既至米底，米底僭王弗拉欧尔铁斯引军驻米底小邑昆杜鲁什邀战于寡人。王师遂战。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大破叛军。维阿杜卡那沙月21日(BC521年5月8日)，王师克米底叛军于昆杜鲁什之邑。 (32) Thus said Darius, the King: Thereupon that Phraortes fled thence with a few horseman to a district in Media called Raga. Then I sent an army in pursuit. Phraortes was taken and brought unto me. I cut off his nose, his ears, and his tongue, and I put out one eye, and he was kept in fetters at my court, and all the people beheld him. Then did I crucify him in Ecbatana; and the men who were his foremost followers, those at Ecbatana within the fortress, I flayed and hung out their hides, stuffed with straw. 大流士王制曰：弗拉欧尔铁斯乃从数骑出奔米底拉加之地。寡人遣师追获弗拉欧尔铁斯，献于陛前。寡人劓之，复削其双耳，断其舌，剜一目，缚之于寡人之庭。国人空巷往观，寡人乃于厄克巴塔纳钉之十字架上(或曰刺刑处死)。弗拉欧尔铁斯从者之谋主，寡人剥其皮，填以草干，悬之于厄克巴塔纳要塞。 (33) Thus said Darius, the King: A man named Tritantaechmes, a Sagartian, revolted from me, saying to his people: 'I am king in Sagartia, of the family of Cyaxares.' Then I sent forth a Persian and a Median army. A Median named Takhmaspada, my servant, I made their leader, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which is in revolt, and does not acknowledge me.' Thereupon Takhmaspada went forth with the army, and he fought a battle with Tritantaechmes. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly defeated that rebel host, and they seized Tritantaechmes and brought him unto me. Afterwards I cut off both his nose and ears, and put out one eye, he was kept bound at my court, all the people saw him. Afterwards I crucified him in Arbela. 大流士王制曰：有一名曰特里坦塔伊赫米斯之撒迦尔提亚人，作乱而惑其国人曰：“吾乃撒迦尔提亚之王，库阿克撒列斯之族属。”寡人遣一旅波斯-米底之师往征。寡人命寡人之小臣米底人塔赫马斯帕达为将，诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼背叛寡人不服王命之众！” 塔赫马斯帕达挥师前行，与特里坦塔伊赫米斯战。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师克贼众，阵擒特里坦塔伊赫米斯献于寡人陛前。寡人削其耳鼻，剜其一目，缚于寡人庭前。国人空巷观之，寡人乃于阿尔贝拉将其钉于十字架之上。 (34) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what was done by me in Media. 大流士王制曰：此即寡人之施于米底者。 Revolt of the Parthians 帕提亚叛乱 (35) Thus said Darius, the King: The Parthians and Hyrcanians revolted from me, and they declared themselves on the side of Phraortes. My father Hystaspes was in Parthia; and the people forsook him; they became rebellious. Then Hystaspes marched forth with the troops which had remained faithful. At a city in Parthia called Vishpauzatish he fought a battle with the Parthians. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly defeated that rebel host. On the second day of the month Viyakhna [521, March 8] the battle was fought by them.{ He slew six thousand and three hundred and forty and six of them, and four thousand and three hundred and forty and six he took alive.} 大流士王制曰：帕提亚及叙尔卡尼亚叛寡人，声言投附于弗拉欧尔铁斯。寡人之父叙司塔司佩斯时在帕提亚，国人弃之而作乱。叙司塔司佩斯发效忠之师伐之，战于帕提亚维斯帕乌拉什提之邑。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师大败贼众。维维亚赫纳月2日(BC521年3月8日)王师败帕提亚叛军于维斯帕乌拉什提之邑{，馘磿六千三百四十有六级，俘人四千三百四十有六夫}。

showcraft

Part Three
第三部分
(36) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did I send a Persian army unto Hystaspes from Raga. When that army reached Hystaspes, he marched forth with the host. At a city in Parthia called Patigrabana he gave battle to the rebels. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda Hystaspes utterly defeated that rebel host. On the first day of the month Garmapada [521, July 11] the battle was fought by them. { He slew six thousand and five hundred and seventy of them, and four thousand and one hundred and ninety and two he took alive.}
大流士王制曰：后，寡人自拉加之地遣波斯军旅一支往援叙司塔司佩斯。奥援既至，叙司塔司佩斯挥师前战，战贼众于帕提亚城邑帕提格拉巴纳。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，叙司塔司佩斯败叛军之众。维加尔马帕达月一日(BC521年7月1日)，王师破贼众于帕提亚城邑帕提格拉巴纳{，馘磿六千五百有七十级，俘人四千一百九十有二夫}。
(37) Thus said Darius, the King: Then was the province mine. This is what done by me in Parthia.
大流士王制曰：然后此行省复归寡人。此即寡人之施于帕提亚者。

Revolt of Frada of Margiana 马尔吉安纳人弗拉达之乱
(38) Thus said Darius, the King: The province called Margiana revolted against me. A certain Margian named Frada they made their leader. Then sent I against him a Persian named Dadarshish, my servant, who was satrap of Bactria, and I said unto him: 'Go, smite that host which does not acknowledge me.' Then Dadarshish went forth with the army, and gave battle to the Margians. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly overthrew that rebel host. Of the twenty-third day of the month Atriyadi [December 28, 521] was the battle fought by them. { He slew fifty and five thousand and two hundred and····three of them, and six thousand and five hundred and seventy and two he took alive.}
大流士王制曰：马尔吉安纳省叛寡人。彼乱众推一名曰弗拉达之马尔吉安纳人为首。寡人遣寡人之小臣，巴克特里亚太守波斯人达达尔希什讨之。寡人诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼不服王命之众！”
达达尔希什挥师进讨，与马尔吉安纳人战。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，王师克叛军。维阿西亚迪月23日(BC521年12月28日)王师克马尔吉安纳贼众{，馘磿五万五千二百X十有三级，俘人六千五百七十有二夫}。
(39) Thus said Darius, the King: Then was the province mine. This is what was done by me in Bactria.
大流士王制曰：然后此行省复归寡人。此即寡人之施于巴克特里亚者。

Revolt of Vahyazdata of Persia 波斯人瓦希亚兹达塔之乱
(40) Thus said Darius, the King: A certain man named Vahyazdata dwelt in a city called Tarava in a district in Persia called Yautiya. This man rebelled for the second time in Persia, and thus he spoke unto the people: 'I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus.' Then the Persian people who were in the palace fell away from allegiance. They revolted from me and went over to that Vahyazdata. He became king in Persia.
大流士王制曰：有一名曰瓦希亚兹达塔之人居于波斯亚乌提亚之塔拉瓦小邑。此人复兴乱于波斯，告国人曰：“吾乃司美尔迪斯，居鲁士之子。”护卫宫廷之波斯国人背弃忠贞，叛寡人而投附于彼瓦希亚兹达塔。彼遂僭号称波斯王。
(41) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did I send out the Persian and the Median army which was with me. A Persian named Artavardiya, my servant, I made their leader. The rest of the Persian army came unto me in Media. Then went Artavardiya with the army unto Persia. When he came to Persia, at a city in Persia called Rakha, that Vahyazdata, who called himself Smerdis, advanced with the army against Artavardiya to give him battle. They then fought the battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my host utterly overthrew the army of Vahyazdata. On the twelfth day of the month Thuravahara [May 24, 521] was the battle fought by them.
大流士王制曰：寡人遣效忠之波斯-米底军旅，以寡人之小臣波斯人阿尔塔瓦尔迪亚为将。其余波斯之师从寡人征米底。阿尔塔瓦尔迪亚挥师进讨于波斯，既至，彼伪称司美尔迪斯之瓦希亚兹达塔进军驻于波斯城邑拉哈，邀战王师。王师与战。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人之师克彼伪司美尔迪斯之旅。维图哈瓦哈拉月12日(BC521年5月24日)王师克叛军于波斯城邑拉哈。
(42) Thus said Darius, the King: Then that Vahyazdata fled thence with a few horsemen unto Pishiyauvada. From that place he went forth with an army a second time against Artavardiya to give him battle. At a mountain called Parga they fought the battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my host utterly overthrew the army of Vahyazdata. On the fifth day of the month Garmapada [July 15, 521] was the battle fought by them. And they seized that Vahyazdata, and the men who were his chief followers were also seized.
大流士王制曰：彼瓦希亚兹达塔随后引骑者数人还奔皮什亚乌瓦达(或以为即居鲁士旧都Pasargadae帕萨加迪)。从彼处，其人收士卒再邀战于阿尔塔瓦尔迪亚。王师遂战于帕尔加岭。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人之师克瓦希亚兹达塔之众。维加尔马帕达月5日(BC521年7月15日)王师克叛军于帕尔加山岭，阵获彼瓦希亚兹达塔及其从者之诸谋主。
(43) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did I crucify that Vahyazdata and the men who were his chief followers in a city in Persia called Uvadaicaya.
大流士王制曰：寡人随后将彼瓦希亚兹达塔及从者之诸谋主钉死于波斯城邑乌瓦黛查亚。
(44) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what was done by me in Persia.
大流士王制曰：此即寡人之施于波斯者。

Fighting in Arachosia 阿拉霍西亚之战
(45) Thus said Darius, the King: That Vahyazdata, who called himself Smerdis, sent men to Arachosia against a Persian named Vivana, my servant, the satrap of Arachosia. He appointed a certain man to be their leader, and thus he spoke to him, saying: 'Go, smite Vivana and the host which acknowledges king Darius!' Then that army that Vahyazdata had sent marched against Vivana to give him battle. At a fortress called Kapisha-kanish they fought the battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly overthrew that rebel host. On the thirteenth day of the month Anamaka [December 29, 522] was the battle fought by them.
大流士王制曰：彼伪称司美尔迪斯之瓦希亚兹达塔曾遣一人往阿拉霍西亚，击寡人之小臣，阿拉霍西亚总督波斯人维瓦纳。彼以一人为将，告以：“行矣！击灭彼尊从大流士王命之众！”
瓦希亚兹达塔之军遂往征维瓦纳，与战于卡皮沙-卡尼什堡。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人之师破瓦希亚兹达塔之众。阿纳马卡月13日(BC522年12月29日)王师破叛众于卡皮沙-卡尼什堡。
(46) Thus said Darius, the King: The rebels assembled a second time and went out against Vivana to give him battle. At a place called Gandutava they fought a battle. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda my army utterly overthrew that rebel host. On the seventh day of the month Viyakhna [February 21, 521] the battle was fought by them.
大流士王制曰：贼众复聚，再邀战于维瓦纳。王师与战于甘杜塔瓦之野。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人之师克贼众。维维亚赫纳月7日(BC521年2月21日)，王师克瓦希亚兹达塔之叛军于甘杜塔瓦之野。
(47) Thus said Darius, the King: The man who was commander of that army that Vahyazdata had sent forth against Vivana fled thence with a few horsemen. They went to a fortress in Arachosia called Arshada. Then Vivana with the army marched after them on foot. There he seized him, and he slew the men who were his chief followers.
大流士王制曰：彼瓦希亚兹达塔所遣进击维瓦纳叛军之首随即引骑者数名奔入阿拉霍西亚之阿尔沙达堡。维瓦纳亲率大军蹑其踪而追至，遂获此贼，并诛其协从之谋主。
(48) Thus said Darius, the King: Then was the province mine. This is what was done by me in Arachosia.
大流士王制曰：然后此行省复归寡人。此即寡人之施于阿拉霍西亚者。

Second Babylonian revolt 巴比伦二次暴乱
(49) Thus said Darius, the King: While I was in Persia and in Media, the Babylonians revolted from me a second time. A certain man named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, rebelled in Babylon. At a place called Dubala, he lied unto the people, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' Then did the Babylonian people revolt from me and they went over to that Arakha. He seized Babylon, he became king in Babylon.
大流士王制曰：方寡人滞于波斯、米底，巴比伦人再度叛离寡人。有一亚美尼亚人，乃哈尔迪塔之子，名曰阿尔哈作乱于巴比伦。彼惑乱其民于杜巴拉之地，欺民曰：“吾乃尼布甲尼撒，纳波尼德之子。”巴比伦之民叛寡人附于彼阿拉哈。彼既窃据巴比伦，乃僭号称巴比伦王。
(50) Thus said Darius, the King: Then did I send an army unto Babylon. A Persian named Intaphrenes, my servant, I appointed as their leader, and thus I spoke unto them: 'Go, smite that
Babylonian host which does not acknowledge me.' Then Intaphrenes marched with the army unto Babylon. Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda Intaphrenes overthrew the Babylonians and brought over the people unto me. Of the twenty-second day of the month Markazanash [November 27] they seized that Arakha who called himself Nebuchadnezzar, and the men who were his chief followers. Then I made a decree, saying: 'Let that Arakha and the men who were his chief followers be crucified in Babylon!'
大流士王制曰：寡人乃遣师往平巴比伦。寡人以寡人之小臣波斯人印达弗莱涅斯为将，寡人诏曰：“行矣！击灭彼不服王命之巴比伦军！”
印达弗莱涅斯引军直进巴比伦。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，印达弗莱涅斯败巴比伦众，献于寡人陛前。维马尔卡扎纳什月22日(BC521年11月27日)，印达弗莱涅斯获彼伪称尼布甲尼撒之阿拉哈及其从者之诸渠帅。寡人作诰曰“钉彼阿拉哈及其从者之诸谋主于巴比伦之十字架上！”


Part four 第四部分
(51) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what was done by me in Babylon.
大流士王制曰：此即寡人之施于巴比伦者。

Summary and conclusion 概要与总结
(52) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what I have done. By the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. After I became king, I fought nineteen battles in a single year and by the grace of Ahuramazda I overthrew nine kings and I made them captive.
大流士王制曰：此即寡人之作为。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人始终行如此之事。寡人践祚后，一年凡19战，赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人克僭王九，尽擒之。
One was named Gaumata, the Magian; he lied, saying 'I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus.' He made Persia to revolt.
其一名曰穆护高墨达，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃司美尔迪斯，居鲁士之子。”波斯因彼而叛。
Another was named Assina, the Elamite; he lied, saying: 'I am king the king of Elam.' He made Elam to revolt.
次者名曰埃兰人阿辛纳，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃埃兰之王。”埃兰因彼而叛。
Another was named Nidintu-Bel, the Babylonian; he lied, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' He made Babylon to revolt.
次者名曰巴比伦人尼丁图-贝尔，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃尼布甲尼撒，纳波尼德之子。”巴比伦因彼而叛。
Another was named Martiya, the Persian; he lied, saying: 'I am Ummannish, the king of Elam.' He made Elam to revolt.
次者名曰波斯人马尔提亚，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃乌玛尼什，埃兰之王。”埃兰因彼而叛。
Another was Phraortes, the Mede; he lied, saying:
'I am Khshathrita, of the race of Cyaxares.' He made Media to revolt.
次者名曰米底人弗拉欧尔铁斯，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃赫沙什里塔，库阿克撒列斯之族属。”米底因彼而叛。
Another was Tritantaechmes, the Sagartian; he lied, saying: 'I am king in Sagartia, of the race of Cyaxares.' He made Sagartia to revolt.
次者名曰撒迦尔提亚人特里坦塔伊赫米斯，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃撒迦尔提亚之王，库阿克撒列斯之族属。”
撒迦尔提亚因彼而叛。
Another was named Frada, of Margiana; he lied, saying: 'I am king of Margiana.' He made Margiana to revolt.
次者名曰马尔吉安纳人弗拉达，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃马尔吉安纳之王。”
马尔吉安纳因彼而叛。
Another was Vahyazdata, a Persian; he lied, saying: 'I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus.' He made Persia to revolt.
次者名曰波斯人瓦希亚兹达塔，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃司美尔迪斯，居鲁士之子。”波斯因彼而叛。
Another was Arakha, an Armenian; he lied, saying: 'I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus.' He made Babylon to revolt.
次者名曰亚美尼亚人阿拉哈，彼作妖言曰：“吾乃尼布甲尼撒，纳波尼德之子。”巴比伦因彼而叛。
(53) Thus said Darius, the King: These nine king did I capture in these wars.
大流士王制曰：此九僭王，寡人擒之于战阵。
(54) Thus said Darius, the King: As to these provinces which revolted, lies made them revolt, so that they deceived the people. Then Ahuramazda delivered them into my hand; and I did unto them according to my will.
大流士王制曰：叛乱之诸省，以妖言而叛乱，彼僭王者以妖言惑众。阿胡拉马兹达将其置于寡人之手，寡人依心之所愿肆行惩处之。
(55) Thus said Darius, the King: You who shall be king hereafter, protect yourself vigorously from lies; punish the liars well, if thus you shall think, 'May my country be secure!'
大流士王制曰：后之为君者，慎尔远离妖言；为君者欲求国家万世之安，兴妖言者必严惩之！

Affirmation of the truth of the record
断言所记之实
(56) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what I have done, by the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. Whosoever shall read this inscription hereafter, let that which I have done be believed. You must not hold it to be lies.
大流士王制曰：此即寡人之作为。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人始终行如此之事。后人之观此铭者，其信寡人之所为哉！汝必不可以为虚言。
(57) Thus said Darius, the King: I call Ahuramazda to witness that is true and not lies; all of it have I done in a single year.
大流士王制曰：寡人吁于阿胡拉马兹达，祈其证寡人所言为实，寡人所言不虚。如此之业绩寡人毕之期年。
(58) Thus said Darius, the King: By the grace of Ahuramazda I did much more, which is not graven in this inscription. On this account it has not been inscribed lest he who shall read this inscription hereafter should then hold that which has been done by me to be excessive and not believe it and takes it to be lies.
大流士王制曰：赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人之作为而未铭于此石者甚众。寡人隐而不铭者，当使后之观此铭者毋因寡人功业之多而生不信，以虚言目之。

Affirmation that it is pious to make known the record 断言广布此记载乃虔信之事
(59) Thus said Darius, the King: Those who were the former kings, as long as they lived, by them was not done thus as by the favor of Ahuramazda was done by me in one and the same year.
大流士王制曰：赖阿胡拉马兹达之眷，历代先王在位之时，其于一年中所建功业未尝如寡人之多。
(60) Thus said Darius, the King: Now let what has been done by me convince you. For the sake of the people, do not conceal it. If you do not conceal this edict but if you publish it to the world, then may Ahuramazda be your friend, may your family be numerous, and may you live long.
大流士王制曰：汝其坚信寡人之所为哉！毋隐毋匿，生民之惠。无隐无匿，颁之四方，则愿阿胡拉马兹达与汝为友，愿汝族瓜瓞绵绵，愿汝长命百岁。
(61) Thus said Darius, the King: If you conceal this edict and do not publish it to the world, may Ahuramazda slay you and may your house cease.
大流士王制曰：隐之匿之，毋颁四方，则愿阿胡拉马兹达降杀戮于汝，愿汝之家断子绝孙。
(62) Thus said Darius, the King: This is what I have done; by the grace of Ahuramazda have I always acted. Ahuramazda brought me help, and the other gods, all that there are.
大流士王制曰：此即寡人之作为。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人始终行如此之事。阿胡拉马兹达赐寡人援助，诸神亦赐予寡人援助。

The importance of righteousness 行正义之重要
(63) Thus said Darius, the King: On this account Ahuramazda brought me help, and all the other gods, all that there are, because I was not wicked, nor was I a liar, nor was I a tyrant, neither I nor any of my family. I have ruled according to righteousness. Neither to the weak nor to the powerful did I do wrong. Whosoever helped my house, him I favored; he who was hostile, him I destroyed.
大流士王制曰：寡人非邪恶之徒，寡人非欺诈之徒，寡人非暴虐之君，寡人及寡人之族无若是者，为此之故，阿胡拉马兹达赐予寡人援助，诸神亦赐予寡人援助。寡人之治，强弱不欺，依于正道。凡助我族人者，寡人必优宠之；凡心怀敌意者，寡人必诛灭之。
(64) Thus said Darius, the King: You, who may be king hereafter, whosoever shall be a liar or a rebel, or shall not be friendly, him do you destroy!
大流士王制曰：后之为王者！凡谎言欺诈者、作乱犯上者或竟不友于王者，王其必诛灭之！

Blessings and curses 祝福与诅咒
(65) Thus said Darius, the King: You, who shall hereafter see this tablet, which I have written, or these sculptures, do not destroy them, but preserve them so long as you live!
大流士王制曰：日后观寡人所书之碑碣或此雕像者，其毋损毁之，其竭力护卫之！
(66) Thus said Darius, the King: If you shall behold this inscription or these sculptures, and shall not destroy them, but shall preserve them as long as your line endures, then may Ahuramazda be your friend, and may your family be numerous. Live long, and may Ahuramazda make fortunate whatsoever you do.
大流士王制曰：若汝观此碑碣雕像，无损毁之，竭汝族之力护卫之，则愿阿胡拉马兹达与汝为友，愿汝族瓜瓞绵绵。愿汝长命百岁，愿阿胡拉马兹达赐福于汝所欲行之事。
(67) Thus said Darius, the King: If you shall behold this inscription or these sculptures, and shall destroy them and shall not preserve them so long as your line endures, may Ahuramazda slay you, may your family come to nought, and may Ahuramazda destroy whatever you do!
大流士王制曰：若汝观此碑碣雕像，损毁之，无竭汝族之力护卫之，则愿阿胡拉马兹达降杀戮于汝，愿汝族断子绝孙，愿阿胡拉马兹达破灭汝所欲行之事。

Names of Darius' supporters 大流士之党名单
(68) Thus said Darius, the King: These are the men who were with me when I slew Gaumata the Magian, who said ‘I am Smerdis’; then these men helped me as my followers:
Intaphrenes, son of Vayaspara, a Persian;
Otanes, son of Thukhra, a Persian;
Gobryas, son of Mardonius, a Persian;
Hydarnes, son of Bagabigna, a Persian;
Megabyzus, son of Datuvahya, a Persian;
Ardumanish, son of Vakauka, a Persian.
大流士王制曰：下列诸人，当寡人诛除自称司美尔迪斯之穆护高墨达之时，襄助寡人，为寡人之追随者：
瓦亚斯帕拉之子印达弗莱涅斯，波斯人也。
图哈拉之子欧塔涅斯，波斯人也。
玛尔多纽斯之子戈布里亚斯，波斯人也。
巴加比格纳之子叙达尔涅斯，波斯人也。
达图瓦希亚之子美伽比佐斯，波斯人也。
瓦卡乌卡之子阿尔杜马尼什，波斯人也。
(69) Thus said Darius, the King: You who may be king hereafter, protect the family of these men.
大流士王制曰：后之为王者，其优宠上述诸人之族哉！
(70) Thus said Darius, the King: By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription which I have made. Besides, it was in Aryan script, and it was composed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured figure of myself I made. Besides, I made my lineage. And it was inscribed and was read off before me. Afterwards this inscription I sent off everywhere among the provinces. The people unitedly worked upon it.
大流士王制曰：赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，此乃寡人所立之铭。此外尚有一雅立安文手卷，书于泥版与羊皮纸之上。寡人尚造有寡人之雕像一，寡人之系谱一。此系谱书毕复颂读于寡人御前。此后寡人诏命颁行此铭文于诸行省各地。国人全体照此遵行。

showcraft

Part five
第五部分(后加的)
A new rebellion on Elam (Autumn 521)
埃兰之新叛乱(BC521年秋)
(71) Thus said Darius, the King: The following is what I did in the second and third year of my rule. The province called Elam revolted from me. An Elamite named Atamaita they made their leader. Then I sent an army unto Elam. A Persian named Gobryas, my servant, I made their leader. Then Gobryas set forth with the army; he delivered battle against the Elamites. The Gobryas destroyed many of the host and that Atamaita, their leader, he captured, and he brought him unto me, and I killed him. Then the province became mine.
大流士王制曰：以下为寡人在位第二年与第三年所行之事。名曰埃兰之行省作乱叛寡人。埃兰之众推一名曰阿塔玛伊塔之埃兰人为首。寡人以小臣波斯人戈布里亚斯为将遣军讨之。戈布里亚斯挥师进讨，与埃兰之众战。戈布里亚斯克其大军，获乱军之首阿塔玛伊塔，献于寡人陛前。寡人诛之，此行省复归寡人。
(72) Thus said Darius, the King:
Those Elamites were faithless and Ahuramazda was not worshipped by them. I worshipped Ahuramazda; by the grace of Ahuramazda I did unto them according to my will.
大流士王制曰：此等埃兰人不忠不信，不敬阿胡拉马兹达。寡人敬拜阿胡拉马兹达。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人依心之所愿肆行惩处之。
(73) Thus said Darius, the King: Whoso shall worship Ahuramazda, divine blessing will be upon him, both while living and when dead.
大流士王制曰：凡敬拜阿胡拉马兹达者，神之恩典必加于其人而无论其生死。

War against the Scythians (520/519) 西徐亚战争(BC520-519年)
(74) Thus said Darius, the King: Afterwards with an army I went off to Scythia, after the Scythians who wear the pointed cap. These Scythians went from me. When I arrived at the river, I crossed beyond it then with all my army. Afterwards, I smote the Scythians exceedingly; [one of their leaders] I took captive; he was led bound to me, and I killed him. [Another] chief of them, by name Skunkha, they seized and led to me. Then I made another their chief, as was my desire. Then the province became mine.
大流士王制曰：此后，寡人亲率军旅，远征西徐亚，讨伐此带尖帽之西徐亚人。彼等背叛寡人。寡人至于大河之畔，率全师济河。此后寡人大击灭西徐亚人。寡人生俘其酋帅一，彼被缚于寡人御前，寡人诛之。西徐亚人之另一酋帅，名思昆哈者，被其族人擒获献于寡人。其后寡人依心之所愿，为彼等择立他人为酋帅。此行省复归于寡人。
(75) Thus said Darius, the King: Those Scythians were faithless and Ahuramazda was not worshipped by them. I worshipped Ahuramazda; by the grace of Ahuramazda I did unto them according to my will.
大流士王制曰：彼等西徐亚人不忠不信，不敬阿胡拉马兹达。寡人敬拜阿胡拉马兹达。赖阿胡拉马兹达之恩宠，寡人依心之所愿肆行惩处之。
(76) Thus said Darius, the King: [Whoso shall worship] Ahuramazda, [divine blessing will be upon him, both while] living and [when dead.]
大流士王制曰：凡敬拜阿胡拉马兹达者，神之恩典必加于其人而无论其生死。

根据铭文统计的各事件发生的先后次序所列之表:
时间
人物
事
件
地
点
结
果
BC522年3月11日
穆护高墨达
作乱

阿拉卡德里什山中之皮什亚乌瓦达地方
篡波斯，得国
BC522年7月1日
同上
获波斯国
波斯
冈比西斯丧
BC522年9月29日
大流士等七人
诛除穆护高墨达
米底行省尼赛亚之西卡亚乌瓦提什之塞
大流士践王祚
诛除穆护高墨达后？
阿辛纳
作乱

埃兰
僭号称埃兰王
BC522年10月3日
尼丁图·贝尔
作乱
巴比伦
窃据巴比伦王国
远征巴比伦前？
大流士
平乱
埃兰
斩阿辛纳
BC522年12月13日
大流士率师
平乱作战
底格里斯河岸
王师破叛众
BC522年12月18日
大流士率师
平乱作战
扎赞纳
击灭尼丁图·贝尔
大流士远征期间？
瓦希亚兹达塔
作乱
波斯

僭号称波斯王
大流士在巴比伦期间？马尔提亚
作乱
埃兰
被其国人捕斩
大流士在巴比伦期间？弗拉欧尔铁斯
作乱
米底
僭号米底王
大流士在巴比伦期间？
？
作乱
亚美尼亚
叛乱
大流士在巴比伦期间？弗拉达
作乱
马尔吉安纳/巴克特里亚
叛乱
BC522年12月29日
总督维瓦纳vs. 瓦希亚
平乱作战/叛乱
阿拉霍西亚
卡皮沙-卡尼什堡
乱靖

兹达塔所遣指挥官
BC522年12月31日
瓦乌米萨
平乱作战
亚美尼亚
伊扎拉之野
王师破叛众
BC521年1月12日
叙达尔涅斯
平乱作战
米底
马鲁什
王师破米底叛众、驻屯
米底叛乱期间？
特里坦塔伊赫米斯
作乱
撒迦尔提亚

妄图僭号
米底叛乱期间？
米底人塔赫马斯帕达
平乱作战
撒迦尔提亚
击灭特里坦塔伊赫米斯
米底叛乱期间？
帕提亚及叙尔卡尼亚国人
作乱
帕提亚及叙尔卡尼亚地区
叛乱
BC521年3月8日
叙司塔司佩斯
平乱作战
帕提亚
维斯帕乌拉什提

王师破叛众
BC521年5月8日
大流士率师
平乱作战
米底
昆杜鲁什
击灭弗拉欧尔铁斯
BC521年5月20日
达达尔希什（亚美尼亚人）平乱作战
亚美尼亚
祖扎之野
王师破叛众
BC521年5月24日
阿尔塔瓦尔迪亚vs. 瓦希
平乱作战
波斯
拉哈

王师破叛众

亚兹达
BC521年5月30日
达达尔希什（亚美尼亚人）平乱作战
亚美尼亚
提格拉堡
王师破叛众
BC521年6月11日
瓦乌米萨
平乱作战
亚美尼亚
阿胡提亚拉之野
王师破叛众、驻屯
BC521年6月20日
达达尔希什（亚美尼亚人）平乱作战
亚美尼亚
乌亚玛堡
王师破叛众、驻屯
BC521年7月1日
叙司塔司佩斯
平乱作战
帕提亚
帕提格拉巴纳
乱靖
BC521年7月15日
阿尔塔瓦尔迪亚
平乱作战
波斯
帕尔加山岭
乱平、阵获彼瓦希亚兹达塔
大流士平米底
阿尔哈
作乱
巴比伦
僭号称巴比伦王
波斯之前[根据巴比伦考古，阿尔哈称王在BC521年8月16日]
BC521年11月27日
印达弗莱涅斯
平乱作战
巴比伦
获其首，乱靖
BC521年12月28日
波斯人达达尔希什
平乱作战/叛乱
巴克特里亚行省
击灭弗拉达

vs.弗拉达


贝希斯敦摩崖浮雕细部说明

按照大英博物馆研究人员在1904年的现场测量，浮雕部分（指外框）高约10英尺，合3.05米，宽约18英尺，约合5.48米。大流士大王像通高约5英尺8英寸（172cm）。国王深具威仪，刻画仔细，头发和胡子上的蜷曲都被精心雕出，并带有一顶花纹繁复的王冠。腰部束有花纹腰带，上带流苏。国王左手持一弓，右手向阿胡拉马兹达伸出做致意状，右脚立于大地，以左脚践踏在仰身倒地，伸出双手做哀求状的穆护高墨达身上。

大流士左侧两名大臣，按照亚洲ZZ主义国家的习惯和当时中东古国的传统，想必是朝中最为显赫之臣，其雕像仅比大流士略矮，为4英尺10英寸（147cm）。他们是谁？铭文上没有署名，但根据20世纪70年代以来的在波斯波利斯的考古成果，使得专家们很有把握的推论他们的名字：左起第一人，手持长枪，是国王的持矛者（lance
carrier），刺杀高墨达七人中的Gobryas,戈布里亚斯，他后来成为波斯廷臣中的俸禄最高最重者。左起第二人，也是靠大流士王更近的，是著名的Intaphrenes,印塔弗莱涅斯，他是国王的持弓者,bow carrier，按照浮雕的显示，比戈布里亚斯的地位还要高。这个人物在商务版的《历史》中被译为"音塔普列涅司"，在第三卷的第70节到89节，当希罗多德讲述7人杀高墨达的故事之时曾经提到这位印塔弗莱涅斯失去了自己的一只眼睛。因为在决定国家未来的体制方面他突出的表现，被国王授予极高的荣耀，专门为他设立了"持弓者"的荣衔。甚至在铭文中我们还可以发现，这位将军独自率领一支军队平定了第二次巴比伦暴乱，很突出的一点就是在事后的谢神祝辞中，大流士王说"Ahuramazda brought me help; by the grace of Ahuramazda Intaphrenes overthrew the Babylonians"(铭文第50节)，除了在第36节中，提到自己的父亲时，大流士曾说"by the grace of Ahuramazda Hystaspes utterly defeated that rebel host"其他时候他总是说"my army"而不提将领的名字。有人认为这是因为印塔弗莱涅斯第二次征服巴比伦所带之军队实为其私人部曲。参照第36节的例子看来，至少我们还没有十分的把握作出这个结论，但有一点是可以肯定的，那就是，这位印塔弗莱涅斯的确是位高权重，甚至是有点功高震主了--果然，在《历史》第三卷118-119节我们发现大流士以一个不是很充分的理由将印塔弗莱涅斯杀死并（几乎）族灭。嘿嘿，刻在贝希斯敦山崖上的字迹还没风化呢！


在浮雕中处于显眼地方的就是智慧与善良之神"阿胡拉马兹达"。联系到在铭文中这位尊神的名字被大流士提到了76次，我们不难看出在铭文当日这位尊神的显赫地位。再想一想，大流士加给他敌人的罪名每人都少不了"lie"，我们就可以得出结论说，大流士这是在说他的敌人都是代表着黑暗、谎言、饥饿、贪婪、仇恨、疾病、死亡的阿赫里曼的信徒，而他大流士自己则正向他曾宣称的那样，是代表美德、智慧、纯洁、真诚的阿胡拉马兹达的信徒（关于这两种神的冲突，见伊朗古代拜火教神话之创世记一节，其中的霍尔莫兹德（Hurmuzd）就是大流士的阿胡拉马兹达）。多美妙的设想，大流士在不经意间给自己又披起了一层神圣的外衣！浮雕中的阿胡拉马兹达高度从冠顶到所乘神辇的底部是3英尺9英寸（114.3cm），两翼的圣光总宽（127cm）其圣光底部距叛王头顶最近处为6.5英寸（16.5cm）。雕像中的阿胡拉马兹达面生美髯，头戴一有角高帽，面朝国王立于圣光闪耀的太阳圆盘之中。太阳圆盘向四周发出光芒，在大约225°和315°方向还射出两道三叉戟状闪电。大神双手腕部带镯，右手举起现出掌心，左手持一环（不知为何物？）。大神身穿简朴宽袖的白袍，只是在腰间扎了一根带--模样颇像一个穆护僧人。

至于那10个不幸的俘囚，他们都是双手被缚于身后，颈系绳索，愁眉苦脸。他们的雕刻风格，也是基本写实的（被割掉鼻子耳朵的尤其如此，是按照处刑以前的模样记录的），他们的身高只有3英尺10英寸（117cm）。从被大流士踩在脚底的高墨达算起，从左到右依次是：高墨达、阿辛纳、尼丁图·贝尔、弗拉欧尔铁斯、马尔提亚、特里坦塔伊赫米斯、瓦希亚兹达塔、阿尔哈、弗拉达、思昆卡（增补）。应当指出的是，除思昆卡外，所有的叛王的排列顺序是依照被处死的时间先后的。

在浮雕边上还有三种文字的铭文12段（内容与铭文多有相同）。现按照上图中的标号摘录于下：

铭文A：分四段：

I. I am Darius, the great king, king of kings, the king of Persia, the king of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achaemenian.

II. Thus said Darius, the King: My father is Hystaspes; the father of Hystaspes was Arsames; the father of Arsames was Ariaramnes; the father of Ariaramnes was Teispes; the father of Teispes was Achaemenes.

III. Thus said Darius, the King: That is why we are called Achaemenians; from antiquity we have been nobel; from antiquity has our race been royal.

IV. Thus said Darius, the King: Eight of my race were kings before me; I am the ninth. In two lines have we been kings. (or: Nine in succession we have been kings.)
(完全等同于铭文的第一至第四段)

铭文B：This Gaumata, the Magian, lied, saying:"I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus; I am king."

铭文C：This Atrina lied, saying:"I am king of Elam."

铭文D：This Nidintu-Bel lied, saying:"I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus; I am king of Babylon."

铭文E：This Phraortes lied, saying:"I am Khshathrita, of the family of Cyaxares; I am king of Media."

铭文F：This Martiya lied, saying:" I am Ummanish, king of Elam."

铭文G：This Citrantakhma lied, saying:"I am king of Sagatia, of the race of Cyaxares."

铭文H：This Vahyazdata lied, saying:"I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus; I am king."

铭文I：This Arakha lied, saying:"I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus; I am king of Babylon."

铭文J：This Frada lied, saying :"I am king of Margiana"

铭文K：This is Skunka, the Scythian.

铭文L：模糊，略等同铭文第70段，且只有埃兰文版本。

By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription which I have made. Besides, it was in Aryan script, and it was composed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured figure of myself I made. Besides, I made my lineage. And it was inscribed and was read off before me. Afterwards this inscription I sent off everywhere among the provinces. The people unitedly worked upon it.


伟大的神阿胡拉马兹达，他创造了这大地、天空。他创造了人类和人类的幸福。他立大流士为王，使之成为众王之王，众号令者之号令者。

A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many.。



________ 选自大流士Naqas-i-Rustam铭文



大流士王在纳克斯－伊－鲁斯塔姆的陵寝

参考资料：中国学者作的大流士传



当代尼赛亚地区

真假司美尔迪斯之谜


我们在猜的是一场永远不会有答案的谜语。也许的确有答案，答案就在历史老人的手心里——可惜凡人是无法知道的。

他是谁？

他在波斯宫廷里做过什么官职？

他是自然死亡的吗？

如果是自然死亡的，死于何时何地？如果不是，那么他死于何人之手？

他是那个发动政变的穆护僧人吗？他自己信仰拜火教吗？

如果他不是那个发动政变的穆护僧，那么这个穆护是从哪里来的？

政变成功之后，他都做了些什么？

最后，他哥哥冈比西斯二世是怎么死的？


他是居鲁士大王的儿子，这一点大家是没有意见的。可是除此之外就没有一点共同之处了。甚至在古典时代的作家就对他的真实姓名争论不休，我们知道的就有：Smerdis(希罗多德)，Mardus(埃斯库罗斯)，至于在克尼多斯的克铁西阿斯（Ctesias of Cnidus）的《波斯史》中则称之为塔尼乌克撒尔克斯（Tanyoxarces），而在色诺芬（Xenophon）的《居鲁士的教育》一书中称之为塔纳乌克撒列斯（显然与克铁西阿斯的记录相象）。至于贝希斯敦铭文中则称之为Bardiya,巴尔迪亚。到目前为止，我们对于这位波斯王子的地位也是基本不清楚的，在他被亲兄弟杀死以前，实际上我们对他的活动一无所知。


就拿我们最熟悉的希罗多德来说吧，他提到（历史第三卷，30节），他是波斯朝廷中唯一一个能拉开埃塞俄比亚人（或称努比亚）送来的强弓的人。这似乎告诉我们，直到BC525年8月冈比西斯二世征服全部埃及为止，司美尔迪斯还活着，甚至直到波斯王的间谍从努比亚返回，带回那把强弓为止，他还活着，而且还在埃及，冈比西斯的帐前。此后，冈比西斯将他送回波斯，并派其亲信普列克撒司佩斯（Prexaspes）将其谋杀。根据希罗多德在他处的记载，普列克撒司佩斯是通过一个名字也叫司美尔迪斯的穆护僧将冈比西斯的兄弟，波斯王子司美尔迪斯处死了。应该说，希罗多德的故事在这里讲得很不成功，既混乱又模糊，很多关键之处都是一笔代过，含糊不清。最起码的，司美尔迪斯怎么死的，他始终也没搞清楚。还有，希罗多德的记载与贝希斯敦铭文铭文中所提到的，冈比西斯在赴埃及远征之前就秘密处死了司美尔迪斯不能吻合。

但是其他的两种来源，克尼多斯的克铁西阿斯的《波斯史》和色诺芬的《居鲁士的教育》中却又不约而同的提到，这位司美尔迪斯（不管这位王子的真名如何，我们姑且先入为主的称之为‘司美尔迪斯’吧）在远征前被任命为总督（satrap）。不同的是，色诺芬说他是米底总督；克铁西阿斯则说他是巴克特里亚总督（他还说那把强弓，不是埃塞俄比亚人送来的，而是某个中亚游牧部落[塞伽人，Saka？]的酋长送来的）。

接下来的政变中，希罗多德说，是由两个穆护僧人策划的。他们是兄弟俩，分别叫帕提载铁斯(Patizeithes)和司美尔迪斯(Smerdis)。前者是冈比西斯出征期间的家务总管，后者则是亲手杀死司美尔迪斯王子之人。克铁西阿斯的叙述则说是某个名叫斯芬达达特斯(Sphendadates)的穆护僧，在向冈比西斯二世告密其弟Tanyoxarces(就是我们说的司美尔迪斯)图谋造反未获信任后，自己策划了政变，冒充司美尔迪斯政变并成功。

那么到底是几个人策划的政变？

近年来的研究工作使我们相信，是一个人策划了政变。因为考古发现告诉我们，在波斯宫廷，穆护的地位是不高的，只能做管理钱谷支度的小吏（绍兴师爷？）。而希罗多德所记载的Patizeithes恰恰不是人名，而是官名，在古代波斯语里面是“宫廷总管”之意。那么，很有可能是希罗多德自己错了，将宫廷总管司美尔迪斯发动政变的事情理解为是Patizeithes 和 Smerdis发动了政变。（其实现在的研究也证明，这位历史之父对于阿黑美尼德王朝的记录是非常准确的，除了冈比西斯二世时期之外。这段时期他的历史资料来源主要是埃及的神庙祭司和波斯王室记录，甚至有可能是贝希斯敦铭文末尾提到的“书于泥版与羊皮纸之上”的“雅立安文手卷”。故而可信度大打折扣。）其他的实例说明这位伟大的历史之父在波斯文的应用方面是要假手他人的，故而也有可能是他的波斯语通译自己理解错了？

那么，这个在冈比西斯出征期间主宰波斯波斯宫廷事务的大人，究竟是谁？自从铭文被发现以来，这个问题就聚讼不已，直到现在仍然分成鲜明的两派，一派相信（基本上）希罗多德的记载，并依照考古结果做了一定修改，在前人的框架下得出了说得过去的结论；另一派则相信考古挖掘的结果，在考古证据不足的地方，再加上一些自己的“合理”推论，得出了自己的结论。
相信希罗多德记载的历史学家的论点是：王子司美尔迪斯和穆护司美尔迪斯是两个人，虽然他们长得一模一样，只是有一个人少只耳朵。穆护害死了王子，成为了宫廷总管，自己篡夺了王位，最后被消灭在“米底行省尼赛亚之西卡亚乌瓦提什之城塞”(the stronghold called Sikayauvatis, in the district called Nisaia in Media)。这位穆护是个米底人，这点从他最后被杀的地点可以看出来。所谓“米底行省尼赛亚之西卡亚乌瓦提什之城塞”的地望，今人考证的结果是尼赛亚地区在今伊朗极西北部的西阿塞拜疆省与库尔德斯坦省交界处（见地图中被绿色环线标明之处），包括Maragheh, Miandowab, Sa'indezh,Mahabad（马拉盖、米扬道阿卜、萨因代日及马哈巴德）等几座主要城市。在Urmia湖东南80公里处的萨因代日（Sa'indezh），沿一条河流上行约40公里，就是昔日的Sikayauvatis堡（约在萨因代日与伊朗沙阿[Iranshah]之半途）。该地自米底帝国时代起就是皇家行宫。这位篡位者在当权以后为何要躲到这里来？这里离帝国的行政中心——帕萨加迪（Parsagadae）大约有800公里之遥！只能是一个原因，他原来就是一个米底人!承认了这一点，则其他问题就迎刃而解了，他颁布的赦免徭役与兵役3年的惠及天下的施政大纲是因为这个米底人作为臣属民族对于亡国之苦深有体会，故而对帝国治下的诸民族由于冈比西斯连续3年的埃及战争带来的痛苦有切肤之痛。另外，大流士将这样一份文件铭刻在人迹无法到达的高山之巅，就是为了向他所崇拜的智慧之神阿胡拉马兹达表示尊敬。那么这个虔诚的信仰者会在这么一个庄严的场合向他的神撒谎吗？要知道，这可是拜火教所极力谴责的属于阿赫里曼阵营的恶行啊！作为统治帝国，神授君权的大流士一世会做这等傻事吗？

反对派的观点是：首先，这位司美尔迪斯根本就不可能有一个一模一样的替身，以致身边妻妾仆从都分辨不出。

应该注意到一个人物，那就是在论及薛西斯被立为太子一事时，希罗多德曾提到，薛西斯的生母阿托撒（Atossa）在波斯朝廷中具有极大的权威。她是居鲁士大王的女儿，先后是冈比西斯、（伪）司美尔迪斯和大流士的妻子。当年薛西斯就是娶了她才稳定了自己的地位，其后，司美尔迪斯和大流士上台以后也都不约而同的娶了阿托撒。（看来古代波斯的王位继承制度类似埃及?当血统不纯或者权威不够的国王登基时，一定要先娶一位出身高贵的公主为妻才能确立自己的正统合法性。）这么一个和三位国王共过枕席的女子，她的作用一直被人低估了——她会对自己的枕边人一无所知？她在这接二连三的政治巨变中始终位于暴风眼的中心，她会对这一切都无能为力？她在这些事件中起了什么作用？在各种版本的记载中都承认穆护僧在露馅以前曾长时间（时间从3年半到8个月）的被视作真司美尔迪斯。那么假如有个冒名顶替的穆护，既然阿托撒不可能不察觉到，而波斯内廷和外朝之间的交流又像希罗多德所言那样非常的方便，她怎么会一点动作都没有？答案只能是阿托撒是知情者！她参与了两次阴谋，分别TF了冈比西斯与司美尔迪斯。

按照波斯人的习惯，国王在远征以前（居鲁士渡过阿姆河，大流士远征色雷斯）都要指定一个摄政监国。那么既然他的前任和后任都曾指定摄政监国，我们没有理由相信冈比西斯会在不指定摄政监国的情况下在埃及一停三年不回国都。以当时的情况而论，最有可能的监国人选自然是国王的亲兄弟，司美尔迪斯王子，而他的头衔应该就是“帕提载铁斯”(Patizeithes)，宫廷总监。此后，国王在埃及的战争进行的不是很顺利，特别是他对南方努比亚（埃塞俄比亚）的出征死伤惨重。在此之前我们已经知道，这位冈比西斯国王的脾气很不好，经常乱杀人，即使是普列克撒司佩斯这样的亲信也难逃儿子被射死的惨祸。如此，君王长期在外，战事不顺，再加上滥杀无辜，必然要激化统治集团内部的矛盾。波斯帝国从居鲁士二世灭掉米底王国（BC553-550）算起才不过25年，居鲁士大王的权威主要是靠自己的威望而不是靠暴力建立的。肯定有很多人不能适应这父子两人统治方法的巨大差异，心怀怨望，遂生叛意。叛乱自然要有头目，司美尔迪斯是最理想的旗帜了，而阴谋者蛊惑司美尔迪斯政变的事情，也就是铭文说的“国人心怀异志，国内谣言风起，遍及波斯、米底以及诸行省”吧？

至于新王颁布的大赦令，那是因为政变的初衷为了从好战而暴戾的冈比西斯手中解救这个国家，自然要采取一些激烈的措施更正冈比西斯的失误。

考虑到司美尔迪斯原先可能担任过米底总督，它把自己的总部设在米底也是很正常的事。

至于说到大流士的宗教虔诚心，不用我们多说，在《历史》卷3第85－87节记述大流士如何使计冒充神意当上国王的经过，再好不过的向我们解释了大流士到底有多么虔诚！

所以，反对派的结论是：只有一个司美尔迪斯，不管他在政变前后所行何事，被人如何称呼，他和穆护高墨达是同一个人。


考虑到司美尔迪斯死后，大流士总是称之为“Gaumata, the Magian”，司美尔迪斯很可能对拜火教有所偏爱。加之大流士声称他登基后的首要政绩就是“举凡穆护高墨塔所毁之庙宇，寡人为国人兴复之；举凡穆护高墨达掠夺之牧场、畜群、奴仆、房舍，寡人为国人兴复之。寡人处波斯、米底及他省之国人归其原位。举凡被劫掠之物寡人复之一如旧日。”那么司美尔迪斯在政变成功后看来完全不是波斯贵族预想的那样做个傀儡，而是大有作为，颁布大赦令之外，还在波斯帝国内部对财产关系和宗教信仰做了大量调整。由此而大大损害了很多人的既得利益（波斯帝国至此已垂30年），他们便伙同大流士等7人将此真司美尔迪斯除去。

在反对派历史学家的眼中，高墨达之乱是这样发生的：

BC525年，冈比西斯远征埃及，以御弟司美尔迪斯为宫廷总管监国留后，自引大军出征。夏，波斯军队侵入埃及，至是年8月，冈比西斯自称埃及王。但是他的征伐并没有在尼罗河的瀑布边停滞，他向南远征努比亚（埃塞俄比亚）向西远征阿蒙绿洲和利比亚人，都不顺利。关键是，战争无休止，而国王对贵人的态度却越来越粗暴。终于，BC522年3月11日，在波斯爆发了以御弟司美尔迪斯为首的叛乱。叛乱得到各地响应，在巴比伦的文书证明，司美尔迪斯迅速称王。司美尔迪斯向回师的波斯大军派出了信使，军中随冈比西斯出征的贵人可能在这种情况下作出了决断，抛弃冈比西斯投入司美尔迪斯的怀抱，以换取自己家人的安全和自己的荣华。这种讨价还价还有信使往来持续了一段时间，终于，交易达成了。冈比西斯被抛弃了，按照希罗多德的说法是死于病榻，但是贝希斯敦明文却用了一个波斯词，说是“uwamarsiyus amariyata”，近代的学者，从劳林森起都将其译为“（Cambyses）died by his own hand”，也就是自杀。但是现代学者认为这个词的意思不单单是自杀，还有更深一层“自取灭亡”“罪责难逃”之意。呵呵，听着象赵高杀秦二世以后的说辞吧！所以很有可能是冈比西斯被军中贵人遗弃以后被迫自杀。此事发生的时间，非常有可能是在铭文所提到的高墨达篡夺王位的BC522年7月1日，只有冈比西斯死了，司美尔迪斯的宝座才坐稳。此后，司美尔迪斯除了颁布大赦令之外，还在波斯帝国内部对财产关系和宗教信仰做了大量调整。由此而大大损害了很多贵人的既得利益，一个新的反对司美尔迪斯的阴谋又在波斯上层迅速酝酿成熟。首谋者并不是大流士，而是国王司美尔迪斯的岳父，大贵族Otanes，欧塔涅斯。大流士只是作为阿黑美尼家族幼支的代表，在最后阶段为新政变的合法性提供了新的素材而已。BC522年9月29日，毫无防备的司美尔迪斯被自己的岳父率领的一小伙贵族青年杀死在米底的行宫。大流士通过耍奸计登上王座以后，第一件事就是彻底废除司美尔迪斯的新政。同时，他的政权不住地强调自己的正统性——到处说明自己是阿黑美尼德家族的子孙不是没有道理的。但是实践证明这种解释是无用的，司美尔迪斯被弑仅4天，巴比伦就出现了尼丁图·贝尔叛乱——要记住从米底行省尼赛亚之西卡亚乌瓦提什之城塞到巴比伦并无皇家大道，所以不妨说几乎是在国君被弑消息传来的当日叛乱就发生了。此后大流士和他的6位同谋以及另外两位将军，用了一年时间才将各地的叛乱逐步敉平。也许正是得益于第二个自称司美尔迪斯的西贝货“波斯人瓦希亚兹达塔”叛乱的启发，大流士终于给死去的司美尔迪斯王子找到了一个合适的身份：伪司美尔迪斯，穆护僧。当他命令把这个文件在巨石上铭刻，在臣民中颁行的时候，不过是又一次耍了众神一把：司美尔迪斯王子自己成了伪司美尔迪斯，穆护僧，同时又是阿赫里曼的信徒，一个撒谎的人。这个话题在波斯帝国也就成了禁忌，也就难怪日后希腊史家写到冈比西斯死后的波斯政局时都不免要陷入大流士的**阵中不明所以了。




有时候看历史书的时候，真的会在脑海中冒出这样的话：“History is written by those who had hanged heroes·····”真的是这样么？也许吧？！