Poland’s wartime suffering was extraordinary. It has been greatly neglected by the rest of the world。
波兰在战争中遭受了巨大的创伤，然而这些却被世界上其他人所忽视。
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War. By Halik Kochanski. Allen Lane; 734 pages; ￡30. To be published in America in November by Harvard University Press; $35. Buy from Amazon.com, Amazon.co.uk
THE biggest gap in most histories of the second world war is what happened to Poland. By the war’s end it had lost not only a fifth of its population but also its freedom—despite having fought from the first day to the last against the Germans.
在许多史书中，二战最大的历史空白则是波兰所发生的一切。战争结束的时候，波兰不光损失了1/5的人，还失去了自由—尽管波兰人从头至尾都在反抗纳粹德国。
Many histories deal with the greatest crime of the war years: the annihilation of Europe’s Jews. That chiefly took place in occupied Poland, and the largest number of its victims were citizens of the pre-war republic. But these are books about the Holocaust, not about Poland. Books about Poland abound too. Some deal with the spectacular military events of the war: the Ghetto Uprising of 1943, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Others have highlighted the great neglected scandals of the war, such as the Soviet massacre of 20,000 captured Polish officers. A book called “Dark Side of the Moon” tried to alert the West to the Soviet deportation of hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians to privation and death. There are even books about Wojtek, a bear cub adopted by Polish soldiers, who drank beer, ate cigarettes, carried ammunition and died in a zoo in Scotland.
许多史书记载了战时最大的罪行：对欧洲犹太人实行的种族灭绝。这主要发生在被占领的波兰，这大是受害群体是战前的波兰共和国公民。但是这些书籍是关于大屠杀的而非波兰。关于波兰的书籍同样很多。有些是关于战争中壮观的军事事件：1943年的犹太人起义，1944年的华沙起义。其他的突出体现被极大地忽视的战争流言，如苏联人屠杀了两万名俘虏的波兰军官。 有本“月之暗面”的书试图提醒西方注意苏联驱逐成千上万的波兰平民走向贫苦和死亡。甚至有关于佛伊泰克的书，讲的是一头由波兰士兵收养的一头小熊，它喝啤酒，抽烟，扛炮弹，最后死在苏格兰的动物园里。
But until Halik Kochanski’s “The Eagle Unbowed” nobody had written a comprehensive English-language history of Poland at war. A British-born historian whose own family’s experiences dot her pages, she weaves together the political, military, diplomatic and human strands of the story. She ranges from the fatal weaknesses of pre-war Poland (divided, cash-strapped and isolated) to the humiliation of Britain’s victory parade in 1946 when the organisers invited Fijians and Mexicans, but not Poles.
直至哈利.科汉斯基的“不屈的雄鹰”问世前，没人用全面的英语记录战时的波兰历史。一位出生于英国的史学家，将自己家族的经历写入书中。她的故事将政治，军事，外交以及人性都交织在一起。她从战前波兰的致命弱点（分裂，缺钱和孤立）写到1946年英国胜利大游行的耻辱,组织者邀请了斐济人,墨西哥人而非波兰人.
Readers reared on Western accounts of a war between good and evil may be shocked to learn that for Poles the war was three-sided. The Western allies were duplicitous and the Soviets for the most part as bad as the Nazis.
当读者拿起西方战争描述关于正义的一方和邪恶的一方,会很震惊地发现对于波兰人来说,战争有三方. 西方的同盟国是奸诈的,大部分的苏联人同纳粹一样坏.
Poland fought on four fronts. One force was in Britain, drawn from those who had escaped the defeat in 1939. It helped liberate the Netherlands. Another was drawn from the deportees in the Soviet Union, rescued from death by Hitler’s attack on the Soviets. This ragtag army mustered in Persia, trained in Palestine and fought notably at Monte Cassino in Italy. A third army was formed from Poles who remained inside the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Polish communists and collaborators. It reached Berlin. The fourth, the Home Army (whose poster urging Poles “to arms” is shown above), was in Poland itself. Once the biggest and best-organised underground military force in Nazi-occupied Europe, it was hounded to destruction by the Soviets.
波兰四面作战。一方势力在英国，来自1939年战败的逃兵。他们帮助解放荷兰。另一方势力来自流亡者，他们在苏联被救，逃脱了希特勒的致命攻击。这支难民的军队在波斯集合，在巴勒斯坦受训，在意大利的卡西诺山战斗中声名鹊起。第三支部队则是由苏联内部的波兰人组成，由波兰共产党和合作者领导。他们攻至了柏林。第四支，则是波兰的地方部队。曾一度成为纳粹占领的欧洲最大，最有组织的秘密军事武装。这支部队被苏军咬住并歼灭。
Ms Kochanski gives admirably clear accounts of the battlefield. She unpicks other tangles too: the tense relationship between the impatient, ill-informed underground leadership in Poland and the divided, ill-led exiled government in London, sidelined and then dumped by the allies as the Soviet armies marched west.
科汉斯基女士将战争叙述得非常有条理。她还解开了其他的谜团，如参战各方剑拔弩张的关系，流亡到伦敦的政府的错误领导，因苏军西进而被盟国排挤抛弃。
She has a keen eye for the striking quote. Here is Heinrich Himmler of the SS on the four years of elementary school which was to be the only education of the Reich’s new subjects:
她在面对引人注目的引用时能保持敏锐的眼光。小学是德国第三帝国的新国民可以接受的唯一教育，下面是党卫军成员海因利希•希姆莱在上小学四年级时的日记。
The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500, writing one’s name and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans…I don’t think that reading is desirable.
这类学校唯一的目的是教学生500以内简单的算术，写自己的名字和服从德国人是神圣的规定等学说…我认为阅读是不需要的
In an overture to the Holocaust, the Nazis practised mass killings and ethnic cleansing in Poland in 1939 and 1940. Their ultimate plan was to deport 31m Poles to Siberia to make way for German settlers in Poland. Some 200,000 Aryan-looking Polish children were kidnapped and given to German parents. Most were never recovered.
在大屠杀提议时，纳粹于1339年到1940年在波兰进行了大量的屠杀和种族灭绝。他们最终的计划是将三千一百万波兰人驱逐至西伯利亚，为德国人定居波兰腾地。大概有二十万长得像雅利安人的波兰小孩被绑架后给德国的父母收养。大部分的则消失了。
Controversies still rage about wartime Poland. Was the government-in-exile in London too obstinate—or too conciliatory? Could Britain have helped more? Ms Kochanski outlines the arguments, with some quiet words of reproof. But the hand that Poland was dealt was so weak that disaster loomed whether it was played well or badly.
有关战时波兰的争议仍在肆虐。流亡至伦敦的政府太顽固——还是太软弱？英国能否多帮点忙？科汉斯基女士用一些平静略带斥责的词慨括了这些观点。但是波兰的手段是如此的软弱，无论处理得是好还是坏，灾难总会降临的。
She uncovers details that will surprise even history geeks. Some Polish Jews under Soviet occupation found life so dreadful that they sought refuge in Nazi-ruled Poland. The Warsaw Ghetto contained three churches for the Christians consigned to the ghetto for their Jewish origins.
她所揭露的细节将会震惊历史发烧友们。有些波兰籍的犹太人在苏联人的统治下过得很惨，他们甚至在纳粹统治下波兰寻找避难所。华沙的犹太人区有三个教堂，这三个教堂是为因自己犹太人血统而被交到犹太人区的基督徒而准备的。
Her view on the thorniest questions of Poland’s wartime history, such as the connection between local anti-Semitism, collaboration and the Holocaust is cautious but fair-minded. The facts do not stitch together into a simple story. Many Jews were betrayed by neighbours out of fear or greed. But nowhere else in Europe was the price of helping Jews instant execution. Many Christian Poles, including some ardent anti-Semites, took huge risks to protect their Jewish compatriots. Others (including some Jews) joined German-led police units.
关于最棘手的波兰战时历史的问题，例如她认为当地反犹太主义，合作以及大屠杀之间的联系是谨慎且公平的。这些事实并非合成一个简单的故事。许多的犹太人的邻居出于恐惧或者是贪婪而背叛了他们。欧洲无处有为犹太人提供及时帮助的代价。许多波兰的基督徒，包括一些热心的反犹太主义者，冒着巨大的风险来保护他们的犹太同胞。其他人（包括一些犹太人）加入了德国领导的警察队。
Ms Kochanski marshals an impressive and comprehensive array of English and Polish material. But she skips the wealth of German- and Russian-language histories, memoirs and biographies. As a result, though her victims are portrayed in colour, the villains are merely in black and white.
科汉斯基女士汇集了一系列令人印象深刻而又全面的英文和波兰文的材料。她忽略了用德语和俄语写成的的历史，回忆录以及自传，这些文献是巨大的财富。结果，尽管她文中的受害者被描绘得丰富多彩，对坏人的描写却是简单得近乎黑白。
Both the suffering and its subsequent neglect and distortion leave a smouldering sense of outrage. Readers may understand better, for example, why the description of Auschwitz and the like as “Polish death camps” is so unfair and upsetting. Yet against all odds, Poland did survive: indeed it has never been richer, happier and safer. That is thanks to the Poles’ awesome patriotism and resilience. May they never be put to such a test again.
不论是当时的惨痛遭遇，还是后来被人们忽略、歪曲——这一切让波兰人民不禁怒火中烧。读者也许更能理解，例如，为什么将奥斯威辛被描绘成“波兰人的死亡营”是不公平和令人不满的。波兰克服一切困难存活了下来，而且活得富足，幸福和安全。这归功于波兰人了不起的爱国主义和适应能力。但愿他们不会再经历此类试炼。作者: feilian 时间: 2012-10-7 07:35
