[转帖] [2013.01.13] Commons man 自由网络的布衣战士

showcraft

http://www.ecocn.org/thread-177372-1-1.html
Remembering Aaron Swartz
纪念艾伦·施瓦茨

Commons man
自由网络的布衣战士

Jan 13th 2013, 19:35 by G.F. | SEATTLE AND M.G. | SAN FRANCISCO

TO CALL Aaron Swartz gifted would be to miss the point. As far as the internet was concerned, he was the gift. In 2001, aged just 14, he helped develop a new version of RSS feeds, which enable blog posts, articles and videos to be distributed easily across the web. A year later he was working with Sir Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the world wide web, and others on enhancing the internet through the Semantic Web, in which web-page contents would be structured so that the underlying data could be shared and reused across different online applications and endeavours. At the same time he was part of a team, composed of programmers like himself (albeit none quite as youthful), lawyers and policy wonks, that launched Creative Commons, a project that simplified information-sharing through free, easy-to-use copyright licences.
你可以说艾伦·施瓦茨的才华是“上天的礼物”，但这并非重点。因为对于互联网而言，他本身就是“上天的礼物”。早在2001年，年仅14岁的施瓦茨就协助创建了RSS源的新规则，从而方便了博客、文章和视频在网上的传播。一年之后，他又与万维网之父蒂姆·伯纳斯·李爵士等人一道，用语义网对互联网进行完善（在语义网中，网页内容的结构方式可以令底层数据在不同的网络应用和项目中，得以共享并重复使用）。同时，他还是发起“知识共享”项目的团队一员。“知识共享”通过免费易用的版权许可，简化信息共享；其幕后团队除了有律师和政策专家，还有和施瓦茨一样的程序员（不过谁也不如他年轻）。



Most of this he did for little or no compensation. One exception was Reddit, though he later sounded almost contrite about the riches showered on him and his colleagues by Condé Nast, the publisher of Vogue and over a dozen other prominent lifestyle magazines, which bought the popular social news site in 2006. In any case, he wasn't a good fit for corporate life, he said, and left a few months later—or, depending on whom you talk to, was asked to leave. But the cash did let him focus on his relentless struggle to liberate data for online masses to enjoy for free.
他的这些工作大多是无偿奉献，或者报酬极低。Reddit是个例外：2006年，这家红极一时的社交新闻网站被康泰纳仕集团收购（后者是《Vogue》等十多家著名生活时尚杂志的出版商），施瓦茨和他的同事从中获利颇丰。然而，他事后谈及这笔财富的语气几近悔恨。他表示，自己和公司生活根本格格不入，几个月后就辞职了（也有人说他是被劝退的，当然这得看你问的是谁）。不过这笔现金的确让他可以完全投入到自己的不懈斗争：让广大网民可以免费享受数据的自由之战。

For although programming was his first love, campaigning was his true vocation. He co-founded Demand Progress, a group that rails against internet censorship and which played a prominent role in the online campaign last year that helped to scupper proposed anti-piracy legislation supported by Hollywood film studios and other content owners. His Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto of 2008 presaged—and perhaps inspired—recent threats by academics to shun journals that charge readers for access.
因为虽说编程是他的至爱，但自由之战才是他真正的天职。他是“求进同盟”的创始人之一，这一团体不仅谴责网络审查，而且还协助挫败了去年的反盗版立法议案：它是网上抵制运动的中流砥柱，而此役对于最终胜利功不可没（支持该法案的是好莱坞制片商等内容所有者）。近期，学界人士发出威胁，将会抵制向读者收费的期刊；此举在施瓦茨2008年的《开放存取的游击宣言》中便早有预言，又或者此举正是受其启发。

Around 2006 he obtained—though he would not say how—the complete bibliographic data for books held by the Library of Congress. He thought it unfair that the Library's catalogue division charged hefty fees to provide this information, which, being the work of the government, had no copyright protection within the United States. So he posted it in the Open Library, which aims to provide an entry for every book in existence as part of Internet Archive, a project founded by the internet entrepreneur Brewster Kahle to store a copy of every web page of every website ever to go online.
2006年左右，施瓦茨拿到了国会图书馆藏书的全部书目数据（不过对于获取途径，他却不愿提及）。在他看来，该目录为美国政府所著，在国内不受版权法的保护，因此该馆编目部门对此收取高额费用，实为不公。于是，他把信息放入“公共图书馆”（作为“互联网档案馆”的一部分，“公共图书馆”旨在将所有现存书籍全部入册；而该“档案馆”是由互联网企业家布鲁斯特·卡勒创建，旨在为所有网站的页面一一备份。）

Aghast at how federal court documents were available only for a price from the inappositely named Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system, in 2009 he used the free access temporarily granted to public libraries to retrieve 18m pages of PACER's 500m documents before he was cut off. They ended up on public.resource.org, founded by Carl Malamud, a veteran advocate of open access, also known as the internet's public librarian. The FBI investigated but did not pursue charges.
还有一件事让施瓦茨忿忿不平。那就是联邦法庭记录必须付费方可查阅，而且这一查阅系统名为“公众获取电子版法庭记录的途径”，但却名不符实。于是2009年时，他利用公共图书馆获得的临时免费权限，从该系统的5亿份记录中获取了1800万页的信息，直至这一权限被废止。这些信息最后被放到了public.resource.org上（该网站的创始人是倡导开放存取的老将、被誉为“互联网图书馆馆长”的卡尔·马拉默德）。联邦调查局对此立案调查，但并未提起诉讼。

The authorities weren't always so lenient. In 2011 he was arrested for allegedly retrieving 4.8m documents from JSTOR, a fee-based repository of articles from scholarly journals. Prosecutors claimed that Mr Swartz, a fellow at Harvard at the time, installed a laptop in a wiring closet at the nearby Massachussetts Institute of Technology and used a pseudonym to gain access, which is free to staff and students at subscribing institutions. If convicted, he would have faced up to 35 years in prison and a $1m fine.
然而当局并非总是这么心慈手软。2011年，施瓦茨因涉嫌从JSTOR系统获取480万份文档而被捕（JSTOR是基于收费模式的学术期刊存储系统）。检方称，施瓦茨犯案时还是哈佛大学的研究员，由于JSTOR系统对付费院校的教员和学生免费开放，他便在对门麻省理工大学的配线室中安装了一部手提电脑，并用假名进入该系统。如果获罪，他可能面临最高35年的牢狱和100万美元的罚金。

JSTOR settled its civil issues with him, and considered the matter closed. Indeed, soon after the prosecutors pounced with criminal charges, it opened up all public-domain articles in its trove. And, two days before Mr Swartz's premature death on January 11th, apparently by suicide in his New York apartment, it expanded a test programme to enable limited reading of about 4.5m articles to those who register for a free account.
JSTOR与施瓦茨达成民事和解，并认为此事已经了结。事实上，在检方提起刑事诉讼后不久，JSTOR就开放了系统中所有公共领域的文章。今年1月9日，也即施瓦茨去世的两天前，JSTOR扩大了一项测试方案，让注册免费账户的读者可以在一定限度内阅读大约450万篇文章。1月11日，施瓦茨死于纽约的公寓内，很显然是自杀身亡。

The prospect of prison may or may not have been what pushed the 26-year-old, long struggling with bouts of depression, over the edge. Opinions varied as to whether prosecutors could secure a conviction. They certainly believed they had enough to put him away. Lawrence Lessig, a well-known web theorist and academic, as well as Mr Swartz's friend and mentor, thought that the evidence was enough to demonstrate that his protegé's act was wrong, morally if not legally, but deserved only minor punishment. Alex Stamos, who was to testify as an expert witness for the defence, described it as "inconsiderate", not criminal.
26岁的施瓦茨长期患有抑郁症。让他走上绝路的可能是牢狱之灾，也可能不是。对于检方能否让其获罪，人们看法不一。检方当然相信，自己有足够的证据让他坐牢。著名网络理论家、学者劳伦斯·莱斯格是施瓦茨的导师和朋友，他认为，证据足以证明自己的门生有过错，即使他没触犯法律，也有违道德，但只应稍事惩罚。亚历克斯·史塔摩斯原本要以专家证人的身份为被告作证，在他看来，施瓦茨的行为只是“不替他人着想”，并未触犯刑法。

On hearing of his death Babbage (G.F.) reviewed a number of e-mails he exchanged with Mr Swartz in 2000-01. The boy was in his mid-teens but his prose, taut and to the point, was as mature as his precocious mind. He wanted to know where your correspondent obtained book data for a price-comparison site. He even suggested a collaboration, regretfully unconsummated, that later became the nucleus of the Open Library.
得知他的死讯后，本栏目作者G.F.回顾了2000至2001年间，自己与施瓦茨的电邮往来。那时的施瓦茨不过是个十四五岁的少年，但他的文风简洁明了、一针见血，和他的思想一样老成。他询问笔者获取图书信息的途径，以便用于一个价格比较的网站。甚至他还提出了一份合作建议，而这后来成了“公共图书馆”的核心理念；遗憾的是，笔者与他的合作并未实现。

With typical foresight, a decade ago Mr Swartz put up a web page that appoints a virtual executor and instructs him to make the contents of his hard drives public, one last gift to the online commons. But meagre compensation for the loss of that most uncommon of online commoners. As Sir Tim put it, in fewer than 140 characters, "Aaron dead. World wanderers, we have lost a wise elder. Hackers for right, we are one down. Parents all, we have lost a child. Let us weep." And the web wept.
早在十年前，施瓦茨就以他特有的远见，在网上为自己的虚拟遗嘱指定了执行者，并将自己硬盘中的内容交由后者公开，作为留给网络大众的最后一份礼物。但这远远无法弥补他的离世带来的损失，因为我们失去的是网络大众中最不同寻常的人物。正如蒂姆爵士在一篇推文中所说：“艾伦已逝。我们迷途世间，却痛失一位睿智的长者；我们以黑客身份为公义而战，却痛失一位战友；我们为人父母，却痛失一位共同的孩子。让我们寄以哀思。”于是，哀思便在网络蔓延。

showcraft

悼念
R.I.P

ironland

他是工具制造者，希望越多免费内容越好。好莱坞作为内容提供者，自然不希望提供免费内容。

免费数据、信息共享和专利、版权保护，也是难以界定的事情。也许随着行业成熟，未来能形成平衡的规则。

showcraft

铁姐新年好。
好莱坞当然也有类似问题，不过这件事涉及的是MIT。

ironland

4# showcraft

差不多的。
他利用学生可以免费的权限，写了个程序，从麻省论文库里扒了几百万份文件，再PO出去。

在死宅心目中，他是大神、自由战士（在某没品吐槽向网站，管理者甚至破天荒地要求网友不要对此事吐槽），但他还有些其他称呼：互联网激进主义分子、知名黑客。


当他把扒来的信息的共享无私分享时，是否有考虑对作者权益的侵犯？有没有获得论文作者的授权？MIT建立数据库，如果是按传统做的，应该会有人负责筛选、校对，令数据库文件保持一定水准之上。也许还有付费向作者购买版权，录入校对，上传，购买服务器，维护……这些应该都是有做投入的，而非无偿义工。是否可以说，多数人的利益高于少数人的利益，所以就可以免费使用他们工作成果？

信息共享就像民主制度，有光明面和阴暗面。版权保护制度亦是。但我不知道界限在哪里。

字幕组、译言网的存在，让人大开眼界，甚至可能改变人的思想，功德无量。但它们无疑也是严重的侵权行为。（有趣的是，网上有些译者似乎并没向原作者提出授权许可，但对自己的翻译作品被无授权转载又有些不满）。
苹果对三星的外形专利诉讼，也许非常符合法律，它们也为自己的研发投入了大量资金，可圆角矩形的专利？那又让人厌恶。
维基百科和维基解密基于相同理念。但我很高兴为维基百科捐款，却讨厌阿桑奇。

也许只能像《从直升机到黑色海盗船》一书里所描写的，等待政治、商业、规则、市场关系、科技共同磕磕碰碰运作，直到产生稳定的规则。毕竟我们还只是处于“发现互联网”的时代。未来还长着呢。

ironland

美检察官：事实上我们只判了艾伦·施瓦茨六个月

2013-01-17

美国检察官卡门·欧提兹（Carmen M. Ortiz）终于打破平静，为政府检举艾伦·施瓦茨（Aaron Swartz）失当一事进行辩护。在表达了她对深受艾伦之死影响的家人的同情之后，欧提兹承认道没有证据表明这位26岁青年从JSTOR（西文过刊全文库）数据库大量下载学术期刊是为自己谋利。

欧提兹之后驳斥了指称检察院对黑客和开放获取（open access）支持者寻求严厉处罚的说法，她说道：“本检察院根据被告行为进行合理量刑——我们向法官建议的是六个月监禁的判决。他的辩护律师也可以随时提出缓刑。”

这项声明无疑与施瓦茨家人和施瓦茨律师艾略特·彼得斯（Elliot Peters）的主张相矛盾，艾略特指责助理法官史蒂芬·海曼（Stephen Heymann）借助此案宣传他在计算机犯罪上强硬派的形象。

以下是卡门·欧提兹的声明全文：

January 16, 2013

STATEMENT OF UNITED STATES ATTORNEY CARMEN M. ORTIZ REGARDING THE DEATH OF AARON SWARTZ

As a parent and a sister, I can only imagine the pain felt by the family and friends of Aaron Swartz, and I want to extend my heartfelt sympathy to everyone who knew and loved this young man. I know that there is little I can say to abate the anger felt by those who believe that this office’s prosecution of Mr. Swartz was unwarranted and somehow led to the tragic result of him taking his own life.

I must, however, make clear that this office’s conduct was appropriate in bringing and handling this case. The career prosecutors handling this matter took on the difficult task of enforcing a law they had taken an oath to uphold, and did so reasonably. The prosecutors recognized that there was no evidence against Mr. Swartz indicating that he committed his acts for personal financial gain, and they recognized that his conduct - while a violation of the law - did not warrant the severe punishments authorized by Congress and called for by the Sentencing Guidelines in appropriate cases. That is why in the discussions with his counsel about a resolution of the case this office sought an appropriate sentence that matched the alleged conduct - a sentence that we would recommend to the judge of six months in a low security setting. While at the same time, his defense counsel would have been free to recommend a sentence of probation. Ultimately, any sentence imposed would have been up to the judge. At no time did this office ever seek - or ever tell Mr. Swartz’s attorneys that it intended to seek - maximum penalties under the law.

As federal prosecutors, our mission includes protecting the use of computers and the Internet by enforcing the law as fairly and responsibly as possible. We strive to do our best to fulfill this mission every day.

事件还在进一步发展中……

（卢姿伊）

via：http://news.cecb2b.com/info/20130117/458030.shtml

ironland

http://www.guokr.com/article/433952/



杰伦·拉尼尔：Web2.0的缔造者和反叛者

杰伦·拉尼尔是虚拟现实技术的先驱和推广者，曾经的硅谷领袖。但是如今他却激烈地批判着这个数字新世界，批判着信息共享、匿名制和奇点之梦。他为什么会背叛自己参与创造的文化，站到互联网的反面？

。。。。。。

我问拉尼尔为什么决定反叛他那些Web 2.0“知识分子”同伴们。“我想我们改变了世界。”他回答道，“但是如果认为我们不应该自我批评，那就是不负责任了。”他举例说：“我是信息免费化的早期倡导者之一。”该运动宣称盗取、剽窃和下载音乐家、作家以及其他艺术工作者的创作是没有问题的。它们都只是“信息”而已，一串1和0。事实上，拉尼尔现在对数字文化进行批判的立论基础之一正是数字传输在某种较深的层面上背离了其传输内容的本质。

我问他是否有某个单独的事件促成了他的反戈。“我已经有了一份专业音乐人的事业，我意识到的问题是，一旦我们让信息免费，被逼得排队领救济的并不会是那些超级巨星。”（他们仍然能靠巡回演唱会挣钱。）“中产阶级才是去被迫排队的人，而那是相当大的一群人。突然之间这样的事情将会成为每周甚至每天的例行公事：‘哦，我们需要争取一次盈利，因为这家倒闭的大录音室的某某负责人得了癌症而他还没有保险。我们需要挣钱来让他动手术。’


被损害的中产阶层

“我意识到这是一种无望而愚蠢的社会设计，而且这是我们的错误。这对我个人是一个严重的打击——这种设计是行不通的。”

作为例证，他解释了谷歌翻译的工作方式，形象地剖析了一家互联网巨头如何将公众的工作据为己有（或者说“毫无报偿地占用”）并利用其赚钱。“在我们这个时代，有这样一项神奇的服务，你可以向谷歌上传一篇英语文章，得到一篇西班牙语翻译版本。对这件事可以有两种理解的方式。最常见的一种是，云端某处存在着一种懂得翻译的人工智能，而这项服务还是免费的，简直妙不可言。

“但还有另外一种审视它的角度，真正的技术角度：谷歌从翻译过短语的真人译者那里获取了海量的信息，形成了巨大的数据库，而当收到你的翻译任务时，便从中搜索相近的段落，从先前的译文中东拼西凑。”

“那么这项业务是一种大规模的强取豪夺了？”“规模是不小，但就和Facebook差不多，它是在将人们自己的东西（可被广告商定位的个人身份、购买习惯等等）再卖给人们。（机器翻译）给了你看似神奇无比的翻译结果，但是最初的译者们并没有因为他们的工作而得到报酬——他们的工作就这样被侵吞了。所以说通过榨取这些不入账的价值，你其实是在令经济缩水。”

那么，拉尼尔对超级计算机成就纳秒级对冲基金交易证券市场的方式又如何看待？还有“闪电崩盘”、“伦敦鲸”以及2008年的大衰退？

“这正是我的新书探讨的话题。这本书叫做《权力的命运和尊严的未来》（The Fate of Power and the Future of Dignity），这本书更多地关注金融世界——但是它要告诉大家的是，音乐文件分享服务和对冲基金从本质上来说是一回事。两者都蕴含了同样的一种思想，那就是拥有最强大计算机的人可以为了自己的利益分析其他所有人，并且凝聚财富和权利。（与此同时），这种行为缩减了经济总量。我认为这是一个时代的错误。”
我们这个时代的错误？这是个大胆的断言。“网络的兴起恰好伴随着中产阶级的衰落，而不是预期中总体福祉的增加，我想这就是原因所在。但是如果你嘴上说着我们在创造信息经济，却让信息免费，那么我们说的其实是我们要毁掉经济。”

把技术乌托邦主义、机器的崛起和大衰退联系起来，拉尼尔可谓敢想敢言。他指出我们正在将自己外包给广告商，成为炮灰，成为数据瀚海中的小水珠，而泯灭了自己的个性和尊严。他大概是第一个硅谷民粹主义者。
“在我看来过度的无担保抵押贷款和盗版音乐文件完全是一回事。一些人的价值被复制很多次，令某个遥不可及的当事人获益。在音乐文件的例子中，受益者是谷歌这样的广告间谍（它利用你的搜索历史挣得真金白银）。在抵押贷款的例子中，受益者是某处的一位基金经理。但在两个事例中，风险和成本都被分散到普通民众和中产阶级头上——更糟的是，为了让少数人获益，经济总量缩了水。”

。。。。。。

showcraft

http://www.ecocn.org/thread-178032-1-1.html
[Obituary] [2013.01.19] Aaron Swartz 阿隆·斯沃茨
Obituary

Aaron Swartz

【导读】：他是网络时代的罗宾汉。

Aaron Swartz, computer programmer and activist, committed suicide on January 11th, aged 26
阿隆•斯沃茨，电脑程序员，积极行动主义者，2013年1月11日自杀，年仅26岁。

Jan 19th 2013 |From the print edition



SMALL, dark, cluttered places were important in the life of Aaron Swartz. His days were spent hunched in his bedroom over his MacBook Pro, his short-sighted eyes nearly grazing the screen (why, he asked himself, weren’t laptop screens at eye level?), in a litter of snaking cables and hard drives. In the heady days of 2005 when he was developing Reddit, now the web’s most popular bulletin board, he and his three co-founders shared a house in Somerville, Massachusetts, where he slept in a cupboard. And it was in a cupboard—an unlocked wiring cupboard, where a homeless man kept stuff—that in November 2010 he surreptitiously placed a laptop, hidden under a box, and plugged it directly into the computer network at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

狭小，黑暗，杂乱的地方构成了阿隆•斯沃茨生活中重要的部分。在一堆堆蜿蜒蛇形的电缆线和电脑硬盘驱动器包围下，斯沃茨每天都蜷缩在卧室中，端着最新配置的苹果电脑，两只近视的眼睛几乎快凑到显示屏上（他问自己，为什么电脑显示屏不能和自己的眼睛在同一个水平上呢？）。在2005年那些头晕目眩的日子里，阿隆•施瓦茨和他的公司其他三个创始人在马萨诸塞州东部的萨默维尔市合租了一间房子，在那里他们联合开发出了目前互联网上最受欢迎的电子公告栏——Reddit。在那些日子里，他都是睡在一个橱柜上的，这个橱柜是一个流浪汉用来保管东西的地方，橱柜没有上锁但装有电线。2010年11月，就是在这个橱柜里，阿隆•斯沃茨悄悄地安装了一台电脑，把电脑隐藏在橱柜中的一个盒子下面，并将电脑与麻省理工学院的计算机网络系统链接在一起。

His aim was to download as many pages as possible from an archive of academic journals called JSTOR, which was available by paid subscription only to libraries and institutions. That was morally wrong, he thought; the knowledge contained in it (often obtained with public funding, after all) had to be made available, free, to everyone. And it was absurdly simple to do that. He already had access to the library network; no need to hack into the system. He just ran a script, called keepgrabbing.py, which liberated 4.8m articles at almost dangerous speed. MIT tried to block him, but time after time he outwitted them; and then, as a last resort, he plugged in the laptop in the cupboard.

斯沃茨之所以要将电脑与MIT计算机网络链接到一起，是为了能够从一个名叫JSTOR的学术期刊库中下载尽可能多的论文。JSTOR期刊库只向图书馆和各种机构提供有偿订阅服务的。阿隆•施瓦茨认为，从道义上讲，他的行为是错误的。但是无论如何，期刊库中的那些通常只能通过公共基金获取的知识资源应该无偿地向公众开放，而这种开放是简单到不能再简单的事。因为阿隆•斯沃茨在家中的电脑已经接入到MIT图书馆的计算机网络中，所以他不再需要侵入到MIT计算机系统之中。阿隆• 施瓦茨仅仅运行一个名叫 “Keepgrabbing.py”的脚本程序，就能够以近乎威胁到整个计算机系统安全的速度从期刊库中窃取到4.8兆的文件。MIT曾试图阻止他的行为，但都被阿隆•施瓦茨一次又一次地巧妙地化解。最后，阿隆•施瓦茨只得把这个脚本程序安装到他安装在橱柜中的电脑里。

He had form on this; lots of form. In 2006 he got hold of the book cataloguing data kept by the Library of Congress, usually steeply charged for, and posted them free in the Open Library. In 2009 he wormed his way into a free-access trial of the PACER system, which contains all electronic federal court records, in certain public libraries; he downloaded 19.9m pages of it, then uploaded them to the cloud, before anyone could stop him. Again, it was easy: using a small, elegant language called perl, the documents fell into his hands.

阿隆•斯沃茨通过脚本程序窃取信息的行为，可谓花样百出。2006年，阿隆•施瓦茨通过运行脚本程序成功获取了由国会图书馆的管理的要价惊人的图书分类目录数据，并把这些数据免费发布在“开放图书馆”中。PACER系统，全名“法院公共电子档案系统”，系统存储了有关美国联邦法院的所有审判记录的电子数据。2009年，阿隆•施瓦茨在某个公共图书馆，通过蠕虫程序，轻松获得PACER系统中的一个审判记录。阿隆•斯沃茨下载了19.9兆有关该审判记录的文件，然后在别人阻止他之前，又把这些文件上传到云系统之中。这一次窃取，同样易如反掌，他只是使用Perl语言编写了一个简短的程序，所有的文件就都到手了。

He seemed to have been doing this for ever, writing programs to liberate information. At 12 or 13—a plump, bookish boy with a computer-company executive for a father and a very early Mac in the den—he set up theinfo.org, a sort of Wikipedia before the fact, which was going to contain all the world’s knowledge on one website. A mere year or so later he was working with Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the world wide web, to launch the Semantic Web to improve data-sharing, and developing RSS 1.0 to distribute videos and news stories. He helped set up Creative Commons, too, which made copyright licensing simpler (as, for example, to get this photo of him).

阿隆•施沃茨似乎一辈子都要干这一行，编写电脑程序，窃取并发布信息。在12岁或者13岁那年，这个胖胖的、充满书生气的大男孩不但已经成为一位电脑公司高管，开发出苹果电脑操作系统的雏形，还早于维基百科创立了“theinfo.org”网站，一种类似于之后出现的维基百科的将万千门类知识汇集在一起的一个网站。在此之后一年左右的时间里，阿隆•斯沃茨与互联网创始人蒂姆•伯纳斯•李一同成立语义网，并开发出能够分享视频和新闻故事的RSS1.0。在阿隆•斯沃茨的帮助之下，“知识共享”组织也建立起来，这个组织使得发放版权许可更加便利（比如，获得本文中斯沃茨的这张照片的版权）。

All this could have made him a fortune, but he had no interest in that. He wanted a world that was better, freer and more progressive. He dropped out of high school, then out of Stanford, educating himself instead by reading prodigious numbers of books, mostly philosophy. He made friends and fell loudly out with them because they couldn’t be as perfectionist as he was. At gatherings he would turn up messy-haired and half-shaven, the shy nerd’s look, but with the intense dark gaze and sudden, confident grin of a young man out to turn society on its head.

所有这些都能让阿隆•斯沃茨获得一大笔收入，但他对此毫无兴趣。他希望这个世界能变得更好，更自由，获得更大进步。他从高中退学，从哈佛退学，转而通过阅读浩如烟海般的书籍特别是哲学书籍来提升自己。他广交朋友，但最终又与他们形同陌路，因为他的朋友中没有一个像他一样是一个完美主义者。在聚会上，阿隆•斯沃茨总是以这样一副形象出现：蓬乱的头发，没刮彻底的胡子，书呆子般害羞的表情，但那双黑色有力的眼睛总在凝视，他时而会像年轻人一样咧嘴一笑，时而又会变得像社会人士那般。

A lot of money came his way when Reddit was sold to Condé Nast in 2006, but relocation to an office made him miserable. Google offered him jobs, but he turned them down as unexciting. Political campaigning became his passion. He wanted to see everything available online, free, with nothing held back by elites or big money, and nothing censored. Information was power, as he proclaimed in his Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto of 2008, and war was needed “by stealth”, “in the dark”, “underground”, for the freedom to connect. In 2011 there was no fiercer voice against the Stop Online Piracy Act, and in 2012 no one prouder to proclaim it dead.

2006年在把Reddit转让给Condé Nast公司后，阿隆•斯沃茨收获了一大笔钱，但是他转而成为了一名令人同情的白领。 谷歌公司准备聘请他，但他却以兴趣不高为由回绝了谷歌公司。他开始热衷于政治竞选。他希望他能够在网络上看到任何他想看到的东西，网络不再受精英集团和大财团的控制，网络中的任何信息都不再被审查。正如2008年他在他的《游击队自由访问宣言》中所倡导的那样：信息就是力量，为了能自由获取信息，要在地下、在黑暗中、隐秘地展开大规模斗争。2011年，对于《阻止网络盗版法案》没有激烈的反对声音，同样，2012年，也没有一个为此自豪的人宣称法案已死。

The JSTOR business, however, got him into deep trouble. When he went back to the cupboard for his laptop, police arrested him. He was charged on 13 counts, including wire fraud and theft of information, and was to go on trial in the spring, facing up to 35 years of jail. The charges, brought by a federal prosecutor, were hugely disproportionate to what he had done; MIT and JSTOR had both settled with him, and JSTOR, as if chastened by him, had even opened some of its public-domain archive. But theft was theft, said the prosecution.

但是，窃取JSTOR资源一事让阿隆•斯沃茨陷入麻烦的深渊。当他返回萨默维尔住所去取电脑时，被警察拘捕。阿隆•斯沃茨被指控犯有包括通信欺诈和信息窃取在内的13项罪行，他将在2013春面临审判以及长达35年的监禁。联邦法院检察官对阿隆•斯沃茨的审判显然量刑过重。MIT和JSTOR双方已经与阿隆•斯沃茨达成谅解，而且JSTOR似乎从阿隆•斯沃茨事件中学乖了，开放了他们的一些公共期刊库。但检察官坚持认为，窃贼就是窃贼，应当受到法律制裁。

Darkness to light 从黑暗迈向光明

All this added to a weight that had oppressed him for many years. “Look up, not down,” he urged readers of his weblog; “Embrace your failings.” “Lean into the pain.” It was hard to take that advice himself. He kept getting ill, several illnesses at once. Migraines sliced into his scalp; his body burned. And he was sad most of the time, a sadness like streaks of pain running through him. Books, friends, philosophy, even blogs didn’t help. He just wanted to lie in bed and keep the lights off.

所有这些让阿隆•斯沃茨压抑多年的生活变得雪上加霜。“抬头挺胸，绝不向现实妥协”；“拥抱你的失败，想痛苦靠拢。”阿隆•斯沃茨在他的博客中是这样激励他的读者的，但他自己来说，他却很难去接受这些建议。他一直抱病在身，而且是身患多疾。偏头痛像一把锋利无比的刀切入他头皮。他的全身像在被烈焰焚烧；绝大部分时间里，他都很痛苦，如万箭穿心般痛苦。书籍、朋友、哲学，甚至博客都缓解不了他的痛苦。他只想把所有的灯关掉，躺在床上死去。

In 2002 he posted instructions for after his death (though I’m not dead yet! he added). To be in a grave would be all right, as long as he had access to oxygen and no dirt on top of him; and as long as all the contents of his hard drives were made publicly available, nothing deleted, nothing withheld, nothing secret, nothing charged for; all information out in the light of day, as everything should be.

2002年，阿隆•斯沃茨在网络上贴出了自己死后留给世人的“指令”（他补充到说，尽管现在他还没有死！）：在坟墓中，我将得到安息：只愿自己没有被污秽之物所覆盖，只愿自己能够接触到氧气；只有愿自己硬盘中所存储的内容都能够得到公开，一点儿也没有被删除，一点儿也没有被截留，没有秘密，没有指控；只愿所有信息都能够像世上万物一样，沐浴在光明之下。

(Photo credit: Jacob Appelbaum, aka ioerror, via Flickr, under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic licence)

本文照片从Flickr网站获取，得到雅库布•阿佩尔鲍姆（又名：ioerror）授权，照片发布遵守知识共享组织署名—共享相同方式2.0通用许可协议。

showcraft

我完全同意主贴中这句话：
著名网络理论家、学者劳伦斯·莱斯格是施瓦茨的导师和朋友，他认为，证据足以证明自己的门生有过错，即使他没触犯法律，也有违道德，但只应稍事惩罚。

对于一个值得我尊敬的灵魂的逝去，我表示悼念。但我认为他理应受罚，当然是合理限度内的受罚，同时他的逝去显然也不能完全归咎于外因，至少很大一部分原因是在于他自身，理应更坚强，因为他应该知道，这个世界上有许多人是完全理解或支持他的（支持他的宗旨，不一定代表支持方式）。

showcraft

4# showcraft

差不多的。
他利用学生可以免费的权限，写了个程序，从麻省论文库里扒了几百万份文件，再PO出去。

在死宅心目中，他是大神、自由战士（在某没品吐槽向网站，管理者甚至破天荒地要求网友不要对 ...
ironland 发表于 2013-1-19 13:26

http://www.techweb.com.cn/news/2010-09-28/689993.shtml
维基百科创始人谴责维基解密：想与其划清界限
　 来源: 新浪科技 　 日期：2010.09.28 17:30　(共有 条评论)  我要评论

维基百科创始人吉米·威尔士
　　新浪科技讯 北京时间9月28日下午消息，据国外媒体报道，在线百科全书网站维基百科创始人吉米·威尔士(Jimmy Wales)周二接受采访时强烈谴责维基解密(Wikileaks)泄露阿富汗战争情报的做法，称这种做法可能“导致一些人因此丧命。”

　　威尔士还表达了对维基解密网站使用“维基”一词的愤怒。“维基”一词主要指网站允许不同用户相互协作、贡献内容的运作方式。

　　“我想与维基解密划清界限，希望他们不要使用这个名字，他们并不是维基模式。不幸的是，他们最早出名的原因就是因为他们用了维基这个词。”他在吉隆坡的一个会议上如此表示。

　　在此之前，维基解密和纽约时报、英国卫报和德国明镜周刊联手，公开了7.7万份阿富汗战争文件。维基解密还表示将继续公开其他1.5万分文件。本月早些时候，该网站宣布计划公开大量伊拉克战争中美军战地文件。

　　维基百科创始人威尔士表示，近期的文件泄密是美国军方历史上最严重的文件泄密事件。这些文件本应得到妥善的处理。”

　　“在最近一轮的泄密事件中，纽约时报已经对部分可能置人生命于安危的信息进行了编辑，而维基解密仍然100%公布这些内容。”

　　“我认为，敏感信息需要经过负责任的记者加以筛选才能公开。这比直接把所有信息都放到网上，然后导致部分人因此丧命要好得多。”

　　威尔士表示，可能因此丧命的人包括那些在阿富汗工作的民间团体的“好心人”，因为如果他们在泄密的文件中被提到，其生活就会受到影响。

　　他还表示，“我想维基解密创始人朱利安·阿桑奇(Julian Assange)也不想因为文件导致别人丧命，但如果他坚持不负责任地将所有信息都公开，他的做法就会给很多人带来生命威胁。”

　　维基解密创建于2006年。该网站曾公开过一段视频，揭露美军士兵在巴格达执行任务时，滥杀包括两名路透社员工在内的多名无辜平民的场景，由此声名大噪。(张和)

ironland

10# showcraft
对这世界上的一部分人来说，阿桑奇也是被迫害的罗宾汉。他亦有自己的支持者。
事后之见总是最清楚。置身其中时，就不那么容易确定了。