showcraft

29# WIND
托马斯·潘恩在1791年写下《人权》一书以回应伯克。事后诸葛亮看，当然伯克是正确的，但不能苛求古人，须知 周公恐惧流言日，王莽谦恭下士时。以当时法国大革命的进程，尚未进入到最疯狂的阶段，两人一个在英格兰，一个在北美，所知也有限，伯克以多数暴政的担忧，潘恩以自由人权的宗旨，都无可厚非。

WIND

31# showcraft
这不是苛求，只是两种判断力的对比而已。潘恩本质上是文人，伯克本质上是政治家。

showcraft

War had come on April 19, with the first blood shed at Lexington and Concord near Boston, then savagely on June 17 at Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. (The June engagement was commonly known as the Battle of Bunker Hill on both sides of the Atlantic.) British troops remained under siege at Boston and were running short of food and supplies. On July 3, General George Washington of Virginia had taken command of the American “rabble.”
        4月19日，随着双方冲突的第一滴血在波士顿附近的莱克星顿与康科德洒下，战争终于爆发了。随后在6月17日战火蔓延到了布里德山与邦克山。（六月的战事被大西洋两岸公认统称为邦克山战役。）英军依旧在波士顿陷入重围，而且粮食补给捉襟见肘。在7月3日，维吉尼亚的乔治华盛顿将军掌握了这群北美“暴民”武装的指挥权。
        With 3,000 miles of ocean separating Britain from her American colonies, accounts of such events took a month or more to reach London. By the time the first news of Lexington and Concord arrived, it was the end of May and Parliament had begun its long summer holiday, its members departing London for their country estates.
        3000英里重洋相隔，伦敦至少延后一月才能获悉北美殖民地的战端。莱克星顿与康科德的枪声飘抵雾都已时逢五月底，正是议员们开始夏日悠长假期的当口，他们纷纷去都还乡。
        When the outcome at Bunker Hill became known in the last week of July, it only hardened the King’s resolve. “We must persist,” he told Lord North. “I know I am doing my duty and therefore can never wish to retract.”
        当邦克山战报在七月最后一周送呈御览，这只能是国王盘中的一个秤砣。“我们必须坚持”，他如是告之诺斯勋爵，“天命所归，誓无得退。”
        The ever-obliging North suggested that in view of the situation in America, it might no longer be regarded as a rebellion, but as a “foreign war,” and thus “every expedient” might be employed.
        鉴于北美局势，一向富于热情（？）的诺斯勋爵建议北美的战事不应再被目为叛乱，而应视为“国际战争”，因而“任何手段”必要时都可启用。
        At a hurried meeting at 10 Downing Street, on July 26, the Cabinet decided to send 2,000 reinforcements to Boston without delay and to have an army of no fewer than 20,000 regulars in America by the following spring.
        7月26日，唐宁街10号仓促成会，其上内阁决定立即派遣2000援军至波士顿，并确保在来年开春前北美大陆的常规军不少于20000人。
        Bunker Hill was proclaimed a British victory, which technically it was. But in plain truth His Majesty’s forces, led by General Howe, had suffered more than 1,000 casualties in an appalling slaughter before gaining the high ground. As was observed acidly in both London and Boston, a few more such victories would surely spell ruin for the victors.
邦克山战役被称为一次大英帝国的胜利，技术上确如此。然而坦白说，豪将军率领的王军在一次惨烈的拼杀中付出了伤亡1000多人的代价才占领了高地。站在伦敦与波士顿双方立场仔细观察，都不得不承认更多类似的胜利对胜利者自身也同时意味着毁灭。

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At summer’s end a British ship out of Boston docked at Plymouth bearing 170 sick and wounded officers and soldiers, most of whom had fought at Bunker Hill and “all in great distress,” as described in a vivid published account:
        夏末一艘从波士顿出发，载着170名伤员病号的英舰抵达普利茅斯港。他们大部分是参加了邦克山战役的军官士兵，全都“失魂落魄”。在公开刊物中曾详细描述如下：
        A few of the men came on shore, when never hardly were seen such objects: some without legs, and others without arms; and their clothes hanging on them like a loose morning gown, so much were they fallen away by sickness and want of nourishment. There were, moreover, near sixty women and children on board, the widows and children of men who were slain. Some of these too exhibited a most shocking spectacle; and even the vessel itself, though very large, was almost intolerable, from the stench arising from the sick and wounded.
        一些人上岸，惨象前所未见：一些人没有腿，另一些人没有胳膊；而且他们是如此深罹病患，亟需给养，以至于穿在他们身上的衣服看着像宽松的睡衣。此外，船上还有约60名妇孺，他们是阵亡将士的遗孀或子女。而他们中一些人也呈现出了类似的窘境；即便是巨大的船舰自身，也由于伤病引发的恶臭令人唯恐避之不及。
        The miseries of the troops still besieged at Boston, and of those Americans loyal to the King who, fearing for their lives, had abandoned everything to find refuge in the town, were also described in letters published in the London papers or in correspondence to friends and relatives in London. In the General Evening Post, one soldier portrayed the scene in Boston as nothing but “melancholy, disease, and death.” Another, whose letter appeared in the Morning Chronicle and Advertiser, described being “almost lost for want of fresh provisions…. We are entirely blocked up…like birds in a cage.”
        仍有军队被围困于波士顿，还有许多恐惧的保皇党人为了保命而放弃一切，逃亡村镇以求避难。他们的惨景也通过伦敦的报纸或他们与伦敦亲友间的通信得以展现。在《每日晚报》中，一位士兵如此描绘波士顿的景象，“沮丧，疾病，以及死亡。”另一位士兵的信件刊登在《晨间纪事报》上，信中这样形容周围的人群，“几乎对新鲜食物不报希望（？）...我们被完全包围...如同笼中之鸟。”
        John Singleton Copley, the American portrait painter who had left Boston to live in London the year before, read in a letter from his half brother, Henry Pelham:
        约翰辛格莱顿库普里，一位前年离开波士顿返回伦敦的美国肖像画家读了他同父异母兄弟亨利佩勒姆的信：
It is inconceivable the distress and ruin this unnatural dispute has caused to this town and its inhabitants. Almost every shop and store is shut. No business of any kind is going on…. I am with the multitude rendered very unhappy, the little I collected entirely lost. The clothes upon my back and a few dollars in my pocket are now the only property which I have.这场异常的争端给镇子和居民带来了难以置信苦难与破坏。几乎所有店铺都关门了。没有任何行业还在工作...我混杂在大批悲观的人群中，微不足道的一点小产业早已打了水漂。现在我身上的衣服和袋中的一些美元是我仅剩下的全部财产。

psyzjs

27# showcraft
唉，不要拿这些垃圾比了。乾隆插洞洞是一种日常的活动，乔治三世可是性道德的完美人物。
WIND 发表于 2010-3-10 21:44

插妃子的洞洞事小，征服全球海疆事大！以此看来，乾隆不怎么样。

所以，要插洞洞，也得插海洋女神的，那才NB！

showcraft

DESPITE THE WAR, or more likely because of it, the King remained popular in the country at large and could count on a loyal following in Parliament. Political philosophy, patriotism, and a sense of duty comparable to the King’s own figured strongly in both houses. So, too, did the immense patronage and public money that were his alone to dispense. And if that were not sufficient, there was the outright bribery that had become standard in a blatantly mercenary system not of his making, but that he readily employed to get his way.
        北美的战事大体上不减国王在民众中的居高人气，他尚能指望议会中的一批忠实追随者不离不弃，当然更解释的通的说法便是战争反倒是这个现象的催化剂。政治哲学，爱国主义，以及一种堪比国王自身使命感的职责感在两院中强势登场。无独有偶，供国王一人支配的大量赞助与民间捐助也应运而生。如果这些还不够，还有公开的贿赂，这在公然募兵中已成惯例。而这虽不是国王一手造成的现象，却是为了他自己的目的而乐于见到的。
        Indeed, bribery, favoritism, and corruption in a great variety of forms were rampant not only in politics, but at all levels of society. The clergy and such celebrated observers of the era as Jonathan Swift and Tobias Smollett had long since made it a favorite subject. London, said Smollett, was “the devil’s drawing-room.” Samuel Curwen, the Salem Loyalist, saw dissipation and “vicious indulgence” everywhere he looked, “from the lowest haunts to the most elegant and expensive rendezvous of the noble and polished world.” Feeling a touch of homesickness, Curwen thanked God this was still not so back in New England.
        实际上，各种形式的贿赂，恩惠，腐败在政治及社会其他领域都层出不穷。当时享有盛名的观察家，如牧师Jonathan Swift和Tobias Smollett早已将其作为最爱的话题。在Smollett说口中，伦敦是“魔鬼的画室”。塞勒姆保皇党人Samuel Curwen声称在伦敦，“从最卑贱的市井到最高雅的厅堂”，抬眼所见俱是花天酒地与“过度放纵”，他还庆幸在新英格兰，情况尚未糟糕至此。
        To much of the press and the opposition in Parliament, the American war and its handling could not have been more misguided. The Evening Post, the most partisan in its denunciations, called the war “unnatural, unconstitutional, unnecessary, unjust, dangerous, hazardous, and unprofitable.” The St. James’s Chronicle wrote contemptuously of “a foolish, obstinate, and unrelenting King.”The Crisis, a vehement new paper, attacked “all the gaudy trappings of royalty” and the villainy of the King.
        太多的报刊舆论铺天盖地，太多的反对声浪充斥议会，北美的战事与其处理方法变得极为波诡云谲。在晚报上，众多铁杆反战人士谴责这场战争将会是“反常，违宪，不必，不公，危险，冒险，以及无利的”。《圣詹姆斯编年史》轻蔑的称呼“一个愚蠢，固执，无情的国王。”《危机》，一份立场激烈的新兴报纸，攻击“一切都是保皇党人花哨的陷阱”以及国王的罪愆。
        “What, in God’s name, are ye all about in England? Have you forgot us?” asked a British officer in a letter from Boston published in London’s Morning Chronicle. He wished that all the “violent people” who favored more vigorous measures in America could be sent over to see for themselves. Their vigor would be quickly cooled. “God send us peace and a good fireside in Old England.”
“什么，以上帝的名义，尔等皆在英国？忘了我们？”《伦敦早晨纪事》报刊登的一位英国军官从波士顿写来的信上如此质问。他希望所有那些希望对北美政策更加强硬的“暴民”可以被送往前线自探虚实。这样他们的热情很快便会冷却。军官说道，“感谢上帝赐予我们和平，好让我们在英伦本土安享炉边惬意。”

showcraft

The King, meanwhile, had recalled General Thomas Gage, his commander-in-chief at Boston, and in his place put the stouthearted William Howe. When, in September, an emissary from the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Richard Penn, arrived in London with an “Olive Branch Petition” in hand, expressing loyalty to the Crown and requesting, in effect, that the King find a way to reconciliation, George III refused to have anything to do with it.
        同时国王已经召回了波士顿的主将托马斯盖吉将军，继之以勇毅的威廉豪将军。在9月，费城大陆会议的使者理查德潘带着“橄榄枝请愿书”抵达伦敦向乔治三世表达了北美人民的忠诚，相应的请求国王找到一个妥协的途径。乔治三世对此表示爱莫能助。
       
        Behind the scenes, Lord North had quietly begun negotiations with several German princes of Hesse and Brunswick to hire mercenary troops. And in a confidential note dated October 15, the King reassured the Prime Minister that every means of “distressing America” would meet his approval.
        在幕后，诺斯勋爵悄悄的开始和与德意志黑森与布伦瑞克的几位领主关于雇佣军的谈判。而在10月15日的一份秘密日志中，国王再次向他的首相确认任何“镇压北美”的方法都将获得他本人的首肯。
        By the crisp, sunny afternoon of October 26, as George III proceeded on his way to the opening of Parliament, his popularity had never seemed higher. Opposition to the war, as everyone knew, was stronger and more vociferous in London than anywhere in the country, yet here were crowds greater than any since his ascension to the throne. Further, they appeared in the best of spirits, as even the London Public Advertiser took note. Their “looks spoke peace and good humor”; there was “but little hissing”; the King could feel secure “in the affection of his people.”
10月26日一个阳光明媚的下午，乔治三世踩在优质细亚麻布铺就的路上前往议会开幕式，受欢迎程度无以复加。众所周知，伦敦的反战呼声比国内任何其他地方都要强烈与喧扰，然而当前在伦敦国王的拥趸数目却自国王继位以来达到顶峰。不仅如此，人群还表现出高昂的情绪，就连《伦敦公告广告》也记录到，他们的“外表昭示着平和与幽默”，“仅有很少的嘘声”；国王大可以在“他的民众对他的爱戴”安如磐石。